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Earth 201 > Ch 10: Crustal Deformation > Flashcards

Ch 10: Crustal Deformation Flashcards

1
Q

Anticline

A

A fold in sedimentary strata that resembles an arch.

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2
Q

Bar

A

Common term for sand and gravel deposits in a stream channel.

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3
Q

Basin

A

A circular downfolded structure.

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4
Q

Bed

A

See Strata.

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5
Q

Brittle deformation

A

Deformation that involves the fracturing of rock. Associated with rocks near the surface.

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6
Q

Cementation

A

One way in which sedimentary rocks are lithified. As material precipitates from water that percolates through the sediment, open spaces are filled and particles are joined into a solid mass.

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7
Q

Chemical bond

A

A strong attractive force that exists between atoms in a substance. It involves the transfer or sharing of electrons that allows each atom to attain a full valence shell.

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8
Q

Cleavage

A

The tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weak bonding.

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9
Q

Compressional stress

A

Differential stress that shortens a rock body.

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10
Q

Confining pressure

A

Stress that is applied uniformly in all directions.

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11
Q

Creep

A

The slow downhill movement of soil and regolith.

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12
Q

Crust

A

The very thin, outermost layer of Earth.

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13
Q

Crystalline

A

See Crystal.

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14
Q

Deformation

A

General term for the processes of folding, faulting, shearing, compression, or extension of rocks as the result of various natural forces.

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15
Q

Detachment fault

A

A nearly horizontal fault that may extend for hundreds of kilometers below the surface. Such a fault represents a boundary between rocks that exhibit ductile deformation and rocks that exhibit brittle deformation.

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16
Q

Differential stress

A

Forces that are unequal in different directions.

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17
Q

Differential weathering

A

The variation in the rate and degree of weathering caused by such factors as mineral makeup, degree of jointing, and climate.

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18
Q

Dip

A

The angle at which a rock layer or fault is inclined from the horizontal. The direction of dip is at a right angle to the strike.

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19
Q

Dip-slip fault

A

A fault in which the movement is parallel to the dip of the fault.

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20
Q

Dome

A

A roughly circular upfolded structure.

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21
Q

Ductile deformation

A

A type of solid-state flow that produces a change in the size and shape of a rock body without fracturing. Occurs at depths where temperatures and confining pressures are high.

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22
Q

Earthquake

A

Vibration of Earth produced by the rapid release of energy.

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23
Q

Elastic deformation

A

Rock deformation in which the rock will return to nearly its original size and shape when the stress is removed.

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24
Q

Fault

A

A break in a rock mass along which movement has occurred.

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25
Q

Fault scarp

A

A cliff created by movement along a fault. It represents the exposed surface of the fault prior to modification by weathering and erosion.

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26
Q

Fault-block mountain

A

A mountain that is formed by the displacement of rock along a fault.

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27
Q

Flow

A

A type of movement common to mass-wasting processes in which water-saturated material moves downslope as a viscous fluid.

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28
Q

Focus (earthquake)

A

The zone within Earth where rock displacement produces an earthquake.

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29
Q

Fold

A

A bent layer or series of layers that were originally horizontal and subsequently deformed.

30
Q

Foliation

A

A term for a linear arrangement of textural features often exhibited by metamorphic rocks.

31
Q

Footwall block

A

The rock surface below a fault.

32
Q

Fracture

A

Any break or rupture in rock along which no appreciable movement has taken place.

33
Q

Geologic map

A

Graphic depiction of an area of geologic study, with labels and annotations.

34
Q

Geologic structure

A

See Rock structure

35
Q

Glacier

A

A thick mass of ice originating on land from the compaction and recrystallization of snow that shows evidence of past or present flow.

36
Q

Graben

A

A valley formed by the downward displacement of a fault-bounded block.

37
Q

Half graben

A

A tilted fault block in which the higher side is associated with mountainous topography and the lower side is a basin that fills with sediment.

38
Q

Hanging wall block

A

The rock surface immediately above a fault.

39
Q

Hogback

A

A narrow, sharp-crested ridge formed by the upturned edge of a steeply dipping bed of resistant rock.

40
Q

Horst

A

An elongate, uplifted block of crust bounded by faults.

41
Q

Intensity (earthquake)

A

A measure of the degree of earthquake shaking at a given locale, based on the amount of damage.

42
Q

Joint

A

A fracture in rock along which there has been no movement.

43
Q

Klippe

A

A remnant or an outlier of a thrust sheet that was isolated by erosion.

44
Q

Magnitude (earthquake)

A

An estimate of the total amount of energy released during an earthquake, based on seismic records.

45
Q

Megathrust fault

A

The plate boundary separating a subducting slab of oceanic lithosphere and the overlying plate.

46
Q

Mineral

A

A naturally occurring, inorganic crystalline material with a unique chemical structure.

47
Q

Monocline

A

A one-limbed flexure in strata. The strata are usually flat-lying or very gently dipping on both sides of the monocline.

48
Q

Normal fault

A

A fault in which the rock above the fault plane has moved down relative to the rock below.

49
Q

Oblique slip fault

A

A fault that exhibits both dip-slip and strike-slip movement.

50
Q

Outcrop

A

Sites where bedrock is exposed at the surface.

51
Q

Plate

A

See Lithospheric plate.

52
Q

Reverse fault

A

A fault in which the material above the fault plane moves up in relation to the material below.

53
Q

Rock

A

A consolidated mixture of minerals.

54
Q

Rock cleavage

A

The tendency of rocks to split along parallel, closely spaced surfaces. These surfaces are often highly inclined to the bedding planes in the rock.

55
Q

Rock structure

A

All features created by the processes of deformation from minor fractures in bedrock to a major mountain chain.

56
Q

Sandstone

A

An abundant, durable sedimentary rock primarily composed of sand-size grains.

57
Q

Sedimentary rock

A

Rock formed from the weathered products of preexisting rocks that have been transported, deposited, and lithified.

58
Q

Seismic reflection profile

A

A method of viewing the rock structure beneath a blanket of sediment by using strong, low-frequency sound waves that penetrate the sediments and reflect off the contacts between rock layers and fault zones.

59
Q

Shale

A

The most common sedimentary rock, consisting of silt- and clay-size particles.

60
Q

Shear

A

Stress that causes two adjacent parts of a body to slide past one another.

61
Q

Sheeting

A

A mechanical weathering process that is characterized by the splitting off of slablike sheets of rock.

62
Q

Slide

A

A movement common to mass-wasting processes in which the material moving downslope remains fairly coherent and moves along a well-defined surface.

63
Q

Strain

A

An irreversible change in the shape and size of a rock body caused by stress.

64
Q

Strata

A

Parallel layers of sedimentary rock.

65
Q

Stress

A

The force per unit area acting on any surface within a solid.

66
Q

Strike

A

The compass direction of the line of intersection created by a dipping bed or fault and a horizontal surface. A strike is always perpendicular to the direction of dip.

67
Q

Strike-slip fault

A

A fault along which movement occurs horizontally.

68
Q

Syncline

A

A linear downfold in sedimentary strata; the opposite of anticline.

69
Q

Tectonics

A

The study of the large-scale processes that collectively deform Earth’s crust.

70
Q

Tensional stress

A

The type of stress that tends to pull a body apart.

71
Q

Thrust fault

A

A low-angle reverse fault.

72
Q

Transform fault

A

A major strike-slip fault that cuts through the lithosphere and accommodates motion between two plates.

Earth 201 (9 decks)

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