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Biology Unit 03 > Ch 10: Cell Reproduction > Flashcards

Ch 10: Cell Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

anaphase

A

stage of mitosis during which sister chromatids are separated from each other

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2
Q

binary fission

A

prokaryotic cell division process

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3
Q

cell cycle

A

ordered series of events involving cell growth and cell division that produces two new daughter cells

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4
Q

cell plate

A

structure formed during plant cell cytokinesis by Golgi vesicles, forming a temporary structure (phragmoplast) and fusing at the metaphase plate; ultimately leads to the formation of cell walls that separate the two daughter cells

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5
Q

cell-cycle checkpoint

A

mechanism that monitors the preparedness of a eukaryotic cell to advance through the various cell-cycle stages

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6
Q

centriole

A

rod-like structure constructed of microtubules at the center of each animal cell centrosome

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7
Q

centromere

A

region at which sister chromatids are bound together; a constricted area in condensed chromosomes

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8
Q

chromatid

A

single DNA molecule of two strands of duplicated DNA and associated proteins held together at the centromere

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9
Q

cleavage furrow

A

constriction formed by an actin ring during cytokinesis in animal cells that leads to cytoplasmic division

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10
Q

condensin

A

proteins that help sister chromatids coil during prophase

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11
Q

cyclin

A

one of a group of proteins that act in conjunction with cyclin-dependent kinases to help regulate the cell cycle by phosphorylating key proteins; the concentrations of cyclins fluctuate throughout the cell cycle

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12
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of the cytoplasm following mitosis that forms two daughter cells.

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13
Q

diploid

A

cell, nucleus, or organism containing two sets of chromosomes (2n)

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14
Q

G0 phase

A

distinct from the G1 phase of interphase; a cell in G0 is not preparing to divide

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14
Q

FtsZ

A

tubulin-like protein component of the prokaryotic cytoskeleton that is important in prokaryotic cytokinesis (name origin: Filamenting temperature-sensitive mutant Z)

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15
Q
A

(also, first gap) first phase of interphase centered on cell growth during mitosis

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16
Q
A

(also, second gap) third phase of interphase during which the cell undergoes final preparations for mitosis

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17
Q

gamete

A

haploid reproductive cell or sex cell (sperm, pollen grain, or egg)

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18
Q

gene

A

physical and functional unit of heredity, a sequence of DNA that codes for a protein.

19
Q

genome

A

total genetic information of a cell or organism

20
Q

haploid

A

cell, nucleus, or organism containing one set of chromosomes (n)

21
Q

histone

A

one of several similar, highly conserved, low molecular weight, basic proteins found in the chromatin of all eukaryotic cells; associates with DNA to form nucleosomes

22
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

chromosomes of the same morphology with genes in the same location; diploid organisms have pairs of homologous chromosomes (homologs), with each homolog derived from a different parent

23
Q

interphase

A

period of the cell cycle leading up to mitosis; includes G1, S, and G2 phases (the interim period between two consecutive cell divisions)

23
Q

kinetochore

A

protein structure associated with the centromere of each sister chromatid that attracts and binds spindle microtubules during prometaphase

24
Q

karyokinesis

A

mitotic nuclear division

25
Q

locus

A

position of a gene on a chromosome

26
Q

metaphase

A

stage of mitosis during which chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate

27
Q

metaphase plate

A

equatorial plane midway between the two poles of a cell where the chromosomes align during metaphase

28
Q

mitosis

A

(also, karyokinesis) period of the cell cycle during which the duplicated chromosomes are separated into identical nuclei; includes prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

29
Q

mitotic phase

A

period of the cell cycle during which duplicated chromosomes are distributed into two nuclei and cytoplasmic contents are divided; includes karyokinesis (mitosis) and cytokinesis

30
Q

mitotic spindle

A

apparatus composed of microtubules that orchestrates the movement of chromosomes during mitosis

31
Q

nucleosome

A

subunit of chromatin composed of a short length of DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins

32
Q

oncogene

A

mutated version of a normal gene involved in the positive regulation of the cell cycle

33
Q

origin

A

(also, ORI) region of the prokaryotic chromosome where replication begins (origin of replication)

34
Q

p21

A

cell-cycle regulatory protein that inhibits the cell cycle; its levels are controlled by p53

35
Q

p53

A

cell-cycle regulatory protein that regulates cell growth and monitors DNA damage; it halts the progression of the cell cycle in cases of DNA damage and may induce apoptosis

36
Q

prometaphase

A

stage of mitosis during which the nuclear membrane breaks down and mitotic spindle fibers attach to kinetochores

37
Q

prophase

A

stage of mitosis during which chromosomes condense and the mitotic spindle begins to form

38
Q

proto-oncogene

A

normal gene that when mutated becomes an oncogene

39
Q

quiescent

A

refers to a cell that is performing normal cell functions and has not initiated preparations for cell division

40
Q

retinoblastoma protein (Rb)

A

regulatory molecule that exhibits negative effects on the cell cycle by interacting with a transcription factor (E2F)

41
Q

S phase

A

second, or synthesis, stage of interphase during which DNA replication occurs

42
Q

septum

A

structure formed in a bacterial cell as a precursor to the separation of the cell into two daughter cells

43
Q

telophase

A

stage of mitosis during which chromosomes arrive at opposite poles, decondense, and are surrounded by a new nuclear envelope

44
Q

tumor suppressor gene

A

segment of DNA that codes for regulator proteins that prevent the cell from undergoing uncontrolled division

Biology Unit 03 (6 decks)

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