ch 10

Question 1

fatty acid

Answer 1

A long-chain aliphatic carboxylic acid in natural fats and oils; also a component of membrane phospholipids and glycolipids.

Question 2

polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)

Answer 2

A fatty acid with more than one double bond, generally nonconjugated.

Question 3

omega-3 (-3) fatty acids

Answer 3

PUFAs with a double bond between C-3 and C-4

Question 4

triacylglycerol

Answer 4

An ester of glycerol with three molecules of fatty acid; also called a triglyceride or neutral fat.

Question 5

lipases

Answer 5

Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols.

Question 6

phospholipid

Answer 6

A lipid containing one or more phosphate groups.

Question 8

Sterols

Answer 8

A group of steroid lipids in which the 3 position of the A ring of the steroid nucleus has been modified with a hydroxyl group.

Question 9

Glycerophospholipid

Answer 9

An amphipathic lipid with a glycerol backbone; fatty acids are ester-linked to C-1 and C-2 of the glycerol, and a polar alcohol is attached through a phosphodiester linkage to C-3.

Question 10

Ether lipid

Answer 10

Some animal & unicellular organisms = rich in ether lipids: in which one of the two acyl chains is attached to glycerol in ether, rather than ester, linkage

Question 11

Plasmalogen

Answer 11

A phospholipid with an alkenyl ether substituent on C-1 of glycerol.

Question 12

Glycolipid

Answer 12

A lipid containing a carbohydrate group.

Question 13

Galacotoliplid

Answer 13

in which one or two galactose residues are connected by a glycosidic linkage to C-3 of a 1,2-diacylglycerol

Question 14

Sphingolipid

Answer 14

An amphipathic lipid with a sphingosine backbone to which are attached a long-chain fatty acid and a Polar alcohol.

Question 15

Ceramide

Answer 15

structurally similar to a diacylglycerol. Ceramides are the structural parents of all sphingolipids.

Question 16

Sphingomyelin

Answer 16

contain phosphocholine or phosphoethanolamine as their polar head group and are therefore classified along with glycerophospholipids as phospholipids

Question 17

Glycosphingolipid

Answer 17

An amphipathic lipid with a sphingosine backbone to which are attached a long-chain fatty acid and a polar alcohol head group

Question 18

Cerebroside

Answer 18

A sphingolipid containing one sugar residue as a head group

Question 19

Globoside

Answer 19

glycosphingolipids with two or more sugars, usually D-glucose, D-galactose, or N-acetyl-D- galactosamine

Question 20

Ganglioside

Answer 20

A sphingolipid containing a complex oligosaccharide as a head group; especially common in nervous tissue

Question 21

Sterols

Answer 21

A group of steroid lipids in which the 3 position of the A ring of the steroid nucleus has been modified with a hydroxyl group.

Question 22

Cholesterol

Answer 22

the major sterol in animal tissues, is amphipathic, with a polar head group (the hydroxyl group at C-3) and a nonpolar hydrocarbon body (the steroid nucleus and the hydrocarbon side chain at C-17) about as long as a 16-carbon fatty acid in its extended form

Question 23

Bile acids

Answer 23

Polar derivatives of cholesterol, secreted by the liver into the intestine, that serve to emulsify dietary fats, facilitating lipase action

Question 24

Eicosanoid

Answer 24

Any of several classes of hydrophobic signaling molecules derived from the lipid arachidonate, including prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes, that regulate physiological responses in humans such as inflammation, blood pressure, and fever.

Question 25

Prostaglandin (PG).

Answer 25

One of a class of polyunsaturated, cyclic eicosanoid lipids that act as paracrine hormones.One of a class of polyunsaturated, cyclic eicosanoid lipids that act as paracrine hormones.

Question 26

Thromboxane (TX).

Answer 26

Any of a class of eicosanoid lipids with a six-membered ether-containing ring; involved in platelet aggregation during blood clotting.

Question 27

Leukotriene (LT).

Answer 27

Any of a class of noncyclic eicosanoid signaling lipids with three conjugated double bonds; they mediate inflammatory responses, including smooth muscle activity.

Question 28

Lipoxin (LX).

Answer 28

One of a class of hydroxylated linear derivatives of arachidonate that act as potent anti-inflammatory agents.

Question 29

Vitamin

Answer 29

formed compounds that are essential to the health of humans and other vertebrates but cannot be synthesized by these animals and must therefore be obtained in the diet

Question 30

Vitamin D3/Cholecalciferol:

Answer 30

formed in the skin from 7-dehydrocholesterol in a photochemical reaction driven by the UV component of sunlight

Question 31

Vitamin A1(all-trans-retinol).

Answer 31

its oxidized metabolites retinoic acid and retinal act in the processes of development, cell growth and differentiation, and vision

Question 32

Carotenoids

Answer 32

Lipid-soluble photosynthetic pigments made up of isoprene units.

Question 33

Vitamin E

Answer 33

the collective name for a group: related lipids called tocopherols, all have substituted aromatic ring and a long isoprenoid side chain,, and are hydrophobic

Question 34

Tocopherol

Answer 34

Any of several forms of vitamin E

Question 35

Vitamin K

Answer 35

The aromatic ring of vitamin K (Fig. 10-22b) undergoes a cycle of oxidation and reduction during the formation of active prothrombin, a blood plasma protein essential in blood clotting.

Question 36

Dolichol

Answer 36

These compounds have strong hydrophobic interactions with membrane lipids, anchoring the attached sugars to the membrane, where they participate in sugar-transfer reactions.

Question 37

Polyketide

Answer 37

are a diverse group of lipids with biosynthetic pathways (Claisen condensations) similar to those for fatty acids

Question 38

Lipidome

Answer 38

The systematic characterization of the lipidome