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Ch. 10 Sensory > CH. 10 > Flashcards

CH. 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a mechanoreceptor?

A

Stimulus responding to pressure or touch

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2
Q

What is a thermoreceptor?

A

Respond to cold/warmth

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3
Q

What is a chemoreceptor?

A

Binding of particular chemicals

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4
Q

What is a nociceptor?

A

Respond to painful stimuli

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5
Q

What is a photoreceptor?

A

Responds to light

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6
Q

What does transduction involve?

A

Opening of ion channels

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7
Q

Define adaption

A

Slow sensory responsiveness during maintained or constant stimulation

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of adaption receptors?

A

Phasic(fast adapting) & Tonic (slow adapting)

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9
Q

Explain what is a receptor’s potential

A

Graded potential in sensory receptor in response in environmental stimulus

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10
Q

How is action potential generated?

A

When depolarization enters the axon reaching the threshold, ion channels open

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11
Q

What is the normal threshold(voltage) range?

A

50-55mV

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12
Q

Explain tonic receptors

A

They are slow to adapt to a change in the stimulus. Most known for pain sensation, muscle/joint movement, and maintaining posture.

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13
Q

Explain phasic receptors

A

They stimulate quickly and fire at ease.

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14
Q

T/F Tonic receptors have persistent (continious) action potential

A

True

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15
Q

T/F Phasic receptors respond briefly before adapting to constant stimulus

A

True

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16
Q

What are some examples of proprioception?

A

Touch, pressure, pain, and temperature

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17
Q

What are the 2 types of chemoreceptors?

A

Olfaction (smell), gustation (taste)

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18
Q

What are the bumps on your tongue?

A

Lingual papillae; has many taste buds

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19
Q

Salty

A

Na+ through ion channels

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20
Q

Sour

A

H+ through ion channels

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21
Q

Sweet and umami

A

Bind to membrane receptor for sweet and umai

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22
Q

Bitter

A

Binds to membrane receptor

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23
Q

Where do odorants bind to?

A

Membrane protein

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24
Q

Describe the pathways of an odorant traveling through your nose

A

Odorants bind to membrane protein < membrane protein is located at the cilia of the dendrites < olfactory neurons

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25
Q

Where do olfactory sensory receptors synapse?

A

Olfactory bulb of brain

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26
Q

Olfactory tract

A

Grouping of axons; carries afferent infomation

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27
Q

T/F olfactory neurons are bipolar

A

True

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28
Q

What section of the ear is the vestibular system?

A

Inner ear

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29
Q

What are the 2 otolith organs?

A

Saccule and urticle

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30
Q

What is the primary function of otolith organs?

A

To sense linear acceleration in respect to gravity

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31
Q

What are the 3 semicircular canals?

A

Anterior, Posterior, and Lateral

32
Q

What is the primary function of the semicircular canals?

A

Angular acceleration

33
Q

What is the primary function of the vestibular system?

A

To detect movement and motion

34
Q

Bending of hair cells is found in?

A

Otolith organs

35
Q

Efferent activity is found in

A

semicircular canals

36
Q

What happens when the head is tilted forward?

A

Hair cells bend, stimulating sensory neurons

37
Q

What does sound result in?

A

Vibration of solid, liquid, and gas moleues

38
Q

Sound waves

A

Zones of atmospheric rarefaction and compression. It is eventually transduced into action potentials

39
Q

Frequency

A

Number of cycles per second of the sound wave, determines pitch

40
Q

Intensity

A

amplitude of sound waves, determines loudness

41
Q

What are the 2 areas that focus on sound waves in the tympanic membrane?

A

Pinna and auditory meatus (canal)

42
Q

During sound waves what are the 3 areas that rock?

A

malleus, stapes, and incus

43
Q

Where is the attachment of the stapes?

A

Window of the cochlea

44
Q

The organ of Corti is comprised of what

A

Hair cells, basilar membrane, and tectorial membrane

45
Q

Organ of Corti

A

Where auditory transduction occurs in the cochlea

46
Q

What causes depolarization in the organ of corti?

A

Ripples in the cochlear fluid cause the rasping of the tectorial membrane to bend the hair cells

47
Q

A low pitch sound of 500Hz would be found where?

A

Apical (at the top) of the cochlea

48
Q

A high pitch sound of 2000Hz would be found where?

A

Basal (at the bottom) of the cochlea

49
Q

Tonotopic

A

Arranged by frequency

49
Q

Tonotopic

A

Arranged by frequency

50
Q

How are wavelengths measured?

A

Nanometers (nm)

51
Q

What is the visible spectrum range?

A

400-700 nm

52
Q

What are the colors for the wavelength at 400, 550, and 700?

A

400-blue, 550-green, and 700-red

53
Q

What are the 3 layers of the eye?

A

Fibrous tunic, choroid, and retina

54
Q

Fibrous tunic

A

outer connective layer

55
Q

What are the two terms in the fibrous tunic?

A

Sclera and cornea

56
Q

This function is white and is the attachment of the muscle that moves the eye

A

sclera

57
Q

This function is anterior (front) to the sclera. Light is transmission through here

A

cornea

58
Q

What is the 4 terminology for the choroid?

A

Pupil, iris, uvea, ciliary muscle

59
Q

This is the anterior opening for light entry into the eye. Also know as the black circle of the eye

A

pupil

60
Q

This function is known for pupil dilation and constriction

A

Iris

61
Q

Uvea

A

blood vessels

62
Q

This function changes lens shape to focus on the image on the retina

A

Ciliary muscle

63
Q

Where is the location of the retina?

A

Posterior of eye; extension of brain

64
Q

What are the 2 types of photoreceptors?

A

Rods and cones

65
Q

In relation to the eye, where does the visual transduction occur?

A

Retina

66
Q

T/F images formed on the retina are upside down and are only a small fraction of the object’s actual size

A

True

67
Q

What are the two functions of the ciliary muscle? (accommodation)

A

If something is far the muscles will relax, if something is close the muscles will contract

68
Q

What do the ciliary muscles compromise?

A

Zonular fibers

69
Q

Emmetropia (normal vision)

A

Ray’s focus on retina

70
Q

Hyperopia (farsightedness)

A

Ray’s focus behind retina

71
Q

Myopia (nearsightedness)

A

Ray’s focus in front of retina

72
Q

Astigmatism

A

Ray’s do not focus

73
Q

Prior to transduction by the rods and cones, what happens?

A

Light penetration passes the ganglion, bipolar and other cells

74
Q

What are the 3 types of cones?

A

S-blue, M-green, L-red

75
Q

Rods

A

Act in dim light; most sensitive photoreceptors; black and white vision

76
Q

Which photoreceptors have a higher resolution?

A

cones

Ch. 10 Sensory (1 decks)

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