Ch 10 & 11 PH surveillance, Epi in practice Flashcards
A reporting framework for emerging health threats is necessary for what functions?
systematic collection,
analysis,
interpretation,
and dissemination of health data
development of a surveillance system requires what?
- clear objectives
- strict criteria for classifying and defining cases
- standardized reporting methods
what are examples of passive surveillance systems?
what are their limitations?
- registries on drug reactions or cancer
- certified death data
-collection of data is through a large number of ppl, so the quality of data collected is variable
why can you not use health facility data to estimate the true incidence of an outcome in a population?
- not everyone has access to healthcare
- people may seek care with natural healers or private clinics
- there may be minimal record keeping in low resource clinics
what kind of data does “outcome registries” collect?
data on specific outcomes (T1DM)
- basic demographics,
- patient history,
- diagnosis,
- treatment,
- and health status
what is purpose of “outcome registries”?
- monitoring of individual patients over time, remind them of regular check-ups and reviews of medication.
- identify research participants
- or volunteer to join an organization that provides support
“outcome registries” allow for calculating what? evaluating what?
- outcome incidence, prevalence, and patient survival over time.
- analyze effectiveness of interventions, treatments, screenings
- improvement of health services delivered
when is “sentinel surveillance” used/ needed?
when high-quality data are required that cannot be collected through passive surveillance.
“sentinel surveillance” is made up of what?
health providers and diagnostic facilities with ability to collect and analyse the necessary data, and to participate in a reporting network.
how are “sentinel sites” selected?
selected for their geographic location, disease specialization, and ability to accurately diagnose and provide high-quality data
what are 3 forms of passive surveillance?
outcomes registries
notifiable outcome
health facility data
what are examples of forms of “active surveillance”
case-finding techniques (e.g. contact tracing),
population surveys
external review of existing clinical records
why is active surveillance not routinely used?
what situations is it appropriate?
it’s costly and labor intensive.
Used if
(a) there is a need to monitor the emergence or elimination of a new disease
(b) when many cases may not be accessing the formal healthcare infrastructure.
why is active surveillance not routinely used?
what situations is it appropriate?
it’s costly and labor intensive.
Used if
(a) there is a need to monitor the emergence or elimination of a new disease, and info needed urgently
(b) when many cases may not be accessing the formal healthcare infrastructure.
- identify problems with existing passive surveillance
- collect data on the prevalence of known risk factors for adverse health outcomes
“early warning systems” collect data on what? and for what purpose?
collect data on epidemic-prone diseases, to plan, prepare, and rapidly respond to indicators of outbreaks
what is the function of surveillance in elimination programs?
what are elimination programs?
function is to monitor progress and early detection of cases.
elimination programs used to eliminate vaccine-preventable diseases.
what is the function of surveillance in elimination programs?
what are elimination programs?
function is to monitor progress and early detection of cases.
elimination programs used to eliminate vaccine-preventable diseases.
example– global polio eradication initiative
what is the DALY metric?
The disability-adjusted-life-year (DALY) metric was developed in the 1990s, equivalent to one lost year of healthy life, either through premature death or living with a disability of specified severity and duration
what is the DALY metric?
The disability-adjusted-life-year (DALY) metric was developed in the 1990s, equivalent to one lost year of healthy life, either through premature death or living with a disability of specified severity and duration.
DALYs are primarily used for economic analyses and enable the comparison of the burden of disease across outcomes, risk factors, and geographical regions.
define– monitoring
- systematic and routine collection of evidence about the effectiveness of a specific health program
- using measurable intermediary and final objectives
- enables a program to adapt and improve, and to reduce disparities in access.
what are some ways data is collected in “monitoring”
- cross sectional studies
- cohort studies
- active, passive surveillance
define– process indicators
- quantifiable markers of each stage of the process
- For a complex intervention, each step necessary for effective delivery should be monitored
- identify bottlenecks or failures in the system
- ex: success of a vaccination programme will depend on: (a) procurement of a quality-controlled vaccine; (b) delivery of viable vaccine to health centres; (c) sufficient training of health workers on vaccine administration and counselling; (d) availability of viable vaccine, disposable needles and syringes at the time of attendance; (e) attendance of the target group (e.g. infants) for vaccination; and finally (f) protection provided by the vaccine.
define– coverage
Coverage is a commonly used measure of the proportion of the eligible population that is reached by the intervention
what is the function of “outcome indicators”
identify indicators of outcome that can be used to assess whether the programme appears to be having any health impacts.
especially when it’s not possible to measure things like mortality (infrequent) or long to occur (cancer)
