Ch 10 Flashcards
Ecology of Affect- what is positive/negative affect influenced by?
Positive affect is elicited by gains and successes and negative affect is elicited by loss and failure.
The Duchenne Smile
A true smile, signalling genuine happiness. This is accompanied by muscular change around the eyes and cheeks, whereas a forced smile may only see changes in the lips.
6 kinds of human expression
Smiling, posture, activation, behavioural responses, laughing, vocalization.
Physiological effects of laughing
Laughing decreases cortisol, decreases epinephrine, decreases growth hormone, and increases immunity.
What can laughing do (social effects)
Laughing can reinforce caregiving situations, it can reduce tension in a group, facilitate bonding, or can separate individuals (bullying and ridicule)
Crying across development
Seen in infancy to alert mother, as we grow crying can be happy, we learn different ways to communicate our feelings.
Components of Depression
social withdrawal, cognitive distortions, helplessness, lack of initiative or motivation, sleep/appetite disturbances, chronic HPA activation, serotonin disruptions.
* In depressed individuals, fluctuations in cortisol are not as frequent, they remain relatively high when a typical person may be low.
Anaclitic depression
Involves interpersonal dependency. Seen in human and primate infants after prolonged maternal deprivation. There are three phases: initial protest, despair, detachment.
Childhood depression
Less common than in adults. Cortisol levels high, can be caused by family stress, social isolation, peer rejection, abuse. Expressed through crying, inactivity, rebellion,
Twenge study (2018)
Social media use has been associated with depression in young people. People portray their highlights to carefully create the best version of themselves.
Twenge study (2018)
Social media use has been associated with depression in young people. People portray their highlights to carefully create the best version of themselves.
Monoamines, Food & Affect
Foods and drugs raising monoamine levels boost mood. Foods and drugs lowering monoamine levels lower mood.
Anandamines & Affect
endogenous cannabinoid NTs found in the CNS and periphery. Elevates affect. Ananda is Sanskrit for bliss, or delight.
Indoleamines & Affect
Indoleamines include serotonin and melatonin. Pineal gland secretes melatonin in darkness, at the expense of serotonin. Tryptophan is the derivative of both. (Tryptophan -> Serotonin -> Melatonin). Shorter day length decreases mood… implications in seasonal affective disorder. May be helpful to have UV lights in apartments to stimulate natural sunlight. Studies are mixed.
SERT, NET & DAT
serotonin transporters, norepinephrine transporters and dopamine transporters. Membrane proteins that bind serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine, respectively. Takes the substances from the synapse back into the pre-synaptic neuron to promote positive affect.
