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CHEM 131 Lecture > Ch 1 - What is Chemistry? > Flashcards

Ch 1 - What is Chemistry? Flashcards

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0
Q

Science

A

The experimental investigation and explanation of natural phenomena; knowledge from experience

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1
Q

How are science and technology changing?

A

Change is accelerating: 100 years from now will be more different from today than today is from 500 years ago.

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2
Q

Technology

A

The application of scientific knowledge; the use of knowledge in practical applications

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3
Q

Is science always right?

A

No, it is a human endeavor

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4
Q

Is technology always good?

A

No, it is driven by human desires (the atomic bomb, etc)

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5
Q

Chemistry

A

The study of matter and the transformation(s) it undergoes; “central science”; a bridge between physics and biology

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6
Q

Matter

A

Anything that has mass and occupies space; “stuff”

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7
Q

Transformation

A

Changes in matter

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8
Q

Pure substance

A

Only a single type of matter (table salt, table sugar/sucrose)

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9
Q

Mixture

A

2+ substances intermixed (mixture of salt and sugar, rocks); can be separated by physical means

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10
Q

Elemental substance

A

A pure substance made of only one type of atom (pure gold Au, oxygen in the air O2)

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11
Q

Compound

A

A pure substance made of 2+ different elements in a fixed ratio (H2O)

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12
Q

Homogeneous mixture

A

A mixture with a uniform composition (brass, sugar dissolved in water)

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13
Q

Heterogeneous mixture

A

A mixture without a uniform composition (oil and water, sugar and salt mixed together)

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14
Q

Element

A

The basic building block of all matter; periodic table of elements; ~119 known (90 natural, 23 synthetic)

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15
Q

Who first proposed the atomic theory?

A

Democritus in ~400 BC theorized the smaller unit if all matter was called an atom

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16
Q

Who disagreed with the atomic theory?

A

Aristotle ~400 BC proposed a continuous model suggesting that there was no limit to how small something could go. This theory won out for over 2000 years.

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17
Q

Atoms

A

The smallest complete unit if am element

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18
Q

Chemical formula

A

The number if each type of atom that makes up the smallest unit of the compound

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19
Q

Physical transformation

A

The same substance, but a different state of matter

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20
Q

States of matter

A

Solid, liquid, gas

21
Q

Characteristics of a solid

A

Has a definite shape and volume

22
Q

Characteristics of a liquid

A

Has a definite volume, but no definite shape

23
Q

Characteristics of a gas

A

Has neither definite volume or definite shape

24
Q

Physical properties

A

Those properties of a substance that can be observed without changing the substance.

25
Q

Examples of physical properties

A

Color. Mass. Weight. Scent. Hardness. Boiling point. Melting point. Density.

26
Q

Physical change

A

A change in which the chemical identity if the substance is not changed. (Melting, freezing, reshaping)

27
Q

Freezing

A

A substance changing from a liquid state of matter to a solid state of matter

28
Q

Melting

A

A substance changing from a solid state of matter to a liquid state of matter

29
Q

Vaporization

A

A substance changing from a liquid state of matter to a gaseous state of matter

30
Q

Condensation

A

A substance changing from a gaseous state of matter to a liquid state of matter

31
Q

Sublimation

A

A substance changing from a solid state of matter directly to a gaseous state of matter

32
Q

Chemical properties

A

Those properties of a substance that can only be studied by forming new substances; describes how a substance reacts

33
Q

Examples if chemical properties/changes

A

Rusting. Burning. Tarnishing. Exploding. Toxicity. Inert (does not react with anything).

34
Q

Chemical changes

A

Changes in being the chemical identity of a substance is changed; when a substance changes to a different substance(s); described when substances undergo a chemical change.

35
Q

Chemical reaction

A

Describes a chemical transformation

36
Q

Reactants

A

The starting substances in a chemical reaction

37
Q

Products

A

The newly formed substances following a chemical reaction

38
Q

5 characteristics of science

A

1) Testable
2) Reproducible
3) Explanatory
4) Predictive
5) Tentative

39
Q

Scientific method

A

1) Experiment
2) Law
3) Theory
4) Model

Observation –> Hypothesis –> Experiments –> Theory

40
Q

Experiment

A

Observations and data

41
Q

Law

A

Concise summary of outcome(s)

42
Q

Theory

A

Attempt to explain why a law exists; a set of tested hypotheses that explain natural phenomena; best current explanation; always tentative and may change as observations continue/change

43
Q

Model

A

A physical picture or mathematical expression of a theory; tangible items/pictures used to represent invisible processes; helps to apply, understand, and visualize a theories; always incomplete and simplified –> limited

44
Q

Scientific hypothesis

A

Testable explanations of observed data; tested by designing and performing experiments

45
Q

Relationship between a theory and a law

A

A theory attempts to explain why a least is correct

46
Q

Relationship between a law and experimental data

A

A law is a summary of experimental results

47
Q

Limitations to the scientific method

A

1) Sample size
2) Shows avg behavior of the group
3) Bias
4) Science is limited to studying that which is observable as well as processes in which variables can be controlled

48
Q

Bias

A

Stein preference or inclination that inhibits impartial judgement

49
Q

Molecule

A

A group of 2+ atoms held together by chemical bonds

50
Q

Molecular model

A

3D representations of molecules (a diamond)

CHEM 131 Lecture (3 decks)

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