Ch. 1: Vine Anatomy

Question 1

Name the major vine species

Answer 1

1.From Eurasia: Vitis vinifera
2.North American vine species: Vitis labrusca, Vitis riparia, Vitis berlandieri, Vitis rupestris

Question 2

What are the major anatomical structures of the vine?

Answer 2

Shoots, one year old wood, permanent wood, roots

Question 3

What are the major shoot structures?

Answer 3

buds, leaves, lateral shoots, inflorescences/grape bunches=canopy

Question 4

Shoot structures grow…..

Answer 4

in spring from buds retained from previous year

Question 5

Main Axis

Answer 5

transports water and solutes (solutes=substances that dissolve in a liquid to form a solution [sugar and minerals])
Stores carbohydrates

Question 6

Nodes

Answer 6

swellings on shoots where the structures grow
internodes=length between nodes

Question 7

Canes

Answer 7

green shoots lignify (turn woody, ridgid, and brown) in late summer when leaves fall
winter pruning leaves structures necessary for next season

Question 8

Buds

Answer 8

1.Compound Buds (latent buds): form in one growing season, break open in the next; primary bud (main growing point) and smaller secondary and tertiary buds (only grow if primary bud damaged like spring frosts)
2. Prompt Buds: form and break open in the same growing season; form on primary shoot and produce lateral shoots

Question 9

Lateral Shoots

Answer 9

1. grow from buds formed in the current year (prompt buds)
2. Smaller, thinner than primary shoot; have all the structures in miniature (sometimes inflorescences)
3. Allows plant to keep growing if tip of primary shoot damaged/eaten
4. Provides more leaves for photosynthesis (especially if near the ends of the primary shoot to benefit from sunlight
5. Laterals growing near base of primary shoot can impede airflow if shade the fruit too much (can be removed in summer pruning)
6. Can produce inflorescences (second crop) depending on canopy management and grape variety
   -Pinot Noir forms second crop that become grape bunches later than the main crop (and ripen later); if harvested at the same time will be higher in acidity, lower in sugar, less color development
   -Green harvesting: enhances ripening process, improves uniformity of ripeness
   -If hand harvesting, can choose to not select second crop but can’t do this if machine harvesting

Question 10

Leaves

Answer 10

1. main site of photosynthesis (important for vine growth and metabolism)
2. Stomata on underside of leaves: water diffuses out, carbon dioxide in; partially close if water stressed but this limits photosynthesis

Question 10

Tendrils

Answer 10

provide support

Question 11

Inflorescences

Answer 11

cluster of flowers on a stem, become grapes at fruit set; usually between one and three on each shoot

Question 12

Bunches

Answer 12

1. a fertilized inflorescence
2. Not all flowers become grapes
3. Characteristics (of individual grape and of size and shape of the bunch) vary based on variety and clone
   -Pinot Noir has tight bunches so is more prone to fungal diseases because of increased likelihood of grape skin splitting during growth and lack of air flow through the bunch

Question 13

Grape

Answer 13

type of berry
1. Stem: attached to vine by a stem; contains tannins
2. Pulp: majority of grape’s weight and volume; contains water, sugar, acid, some aroma compounds and precursors
-Mostly colorless, but Teinturier varieties (Alicante Bouschet, Dornfelder) have colored pulp as well as skins
3. Skin: high concentration of aroma compounds and precursors, tannins, color compounds
4. Seeds: mature inside grape turning yellow to dark brown; contain oils, tannin, the embryo
5. Bloom: powdery, waxy coating on surface

Question 14

One-year-old Wood

Answer 14

1. Main shoots from last growing season, kept through pruning and gone through lignification
2. Supports compound buds
3. Cane or spur pruned

Question 15

Permanent Wood

Answer 15

1. woody parts older than one year (trunk and arms)
2. One or more horizontal arms (cordons)
3. Support for other parts of the vine; transported water and solutes around; stores carbohydrates and nutrients

Question 16

Roots

Answer 16

1. anchor vine, uptake of water and nutrients, store of carbohydrates, produce hormones (for vine growth and grape ripening)
2. Mostly found in top 50 cm of soil, some over six meters down
3. Distribution of roots affected by soil properties irrigation, cultivation, type of rootstock
4. Water and nutrients absorbed at root tips (where roots are actively growing)