Ch. 1 Tree Biology Flashcards
1
Q
Is the area at the base of a petiole, small branch, or flower where cellular breakdown leads to leaf, flower, or fruit drop.
A
Abscission Zone
2
Q
Fine roots with functional root hairs that are responsible for the uptake of water and minerals.
A
Absorbing Roots
3
Q
Bud arising peripherally from a place other than a leaf axillary or shoot tip, usually as a result of hormonal triggers.
A
Adventitious Bud
4
Q
Above ground roots.
A
Aerial Roots
5
Q
A plant with seeds borne in an ovary.
A
Angiosperm
6
Q
Red or purple pigment responsible for those colors in some parts of plants.
A
Anthocyanin
7
Q
Bud at the tip of a twig or shoot.
A
Apical or Terminal Bud
8
Q
Condition in which the terminal bud inhibits the growth and development of the lateral buds on the same stem formed during the same season.
A
Apical Dominance
9
Q
Growing point in buds and at the tips of shoots and roots.
A
Apical Meristem
10
Q
Plant hormones that promote or regulate the growth and development of plants.
A
Auxins
11
Q
Auxins are produced at sites where cells are what?
A
Dividing
12
Q
Where are auxins primarily located?
A
Shoot tips
13
Q
Grasses, palms, and related plants are part of what?
A
Monocotyledons
14
Q
Most woody trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants, and related plants are considered what?
A
Dicotyledons
15
Q
Dicotyedons and monocotyledons are both what?
A
Angiosperms
16
Q
Movement of water, minerals, or photosynthetes longitudinally within a tree is called
A
Axial Transport
17
Q
A bud in the axil of a leaf is called a
A
Axillary or Lateral Bud
18
Q
The chemical and anatomical barrier formed by the cambium in response to wounding is called the
A
Barrier Zone
19
Q
Which wall in the CODIT model is the barrier zone?
A
Wall 4
20
Q
What inhibits the spread of decay into xylem tissue formed after the time of wounding?
A
The barrier zone.
21
Q
What is the raised strip of bark at the top of a branch union, where the growth and expansion of the trunk or parent stem and adjoining branch pushed the bark into a ridge?
A
Branch Bark Ridge
22
Q
Swollen area where a branch joins the trunk or another branch that is created by the overlapping vascular tissues from both the branch and the trunk is called the
A
Branch Collar
23
Q
Point where a branch originates from the trunk or another branch is called the
A
Branch Union
24
Q
An undeveloped flower or shoot containing a meristematic growing point is called a
A
Bud
25
A small lateral or terminal protuberance on the stem of a plant that may develop into a flower or shoot is called a
Bud
26
Roots at the trunk base that helps support the tree and equalize mechanical stress is called
Buttress Roots
27
What are thin layers of meristematic cells that give rise to the phloem and to the xylem, which result in secondary growth of stems and roots?
Cambium
28
Chemical compound that is produced by plants as a result of photosynthesis or derived from assimilates is called what?
Carbohydrates
29
The combination of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen is called.
Carbohydrates
30
What is CH2O?
Carbohydrates
31
The pigment that is responsible for the colors yellow, orange, or red in some parts of trees and other plants is called what?
Carotenoid
32
Distension in a plant cell caused by its fluid contents is called
Cell Turgor
33
Long chain, insoluble glucose polymer found in the cell walls of the majority of plants is called what
Cellulose
34
What is the green pigment of plants found in chloroplast?
Chlorophyll
35
What captures the energy of the sun and is essential in the photosynthesis process?
Chlorophyll
36
The specialized organelle found in some cells is called what?
Chloroplast
37
What is the site of photosynthesis?
Chloroplast
38
What is the acronym for compartmentalization of decay in trees?
CODIT
39
What is sometimes interpreted as compartmentalization of damage or dysfunction in trees?
CODIT
40
What is the natural defense process in trees by which chemical and physical boundaries are created that act to limit the spread of disease and decay organisms?
Compartmentalization
41
What is the lateral meristem from which the corky, protective outer layer or bark is formed?
Cork Cambium
42
What is known as phellogen?
The Cork Cambium
43
The waxy layer outside the epidermis of a leaf that slows water loss and helps protect the leaf from insects and diseases is called what?
Cuticle
44
What are plant hormones involved in cell division, leaf expansion, and other physiological processes called?
Cytokinins
45
What is a tree or other plant that sheds all of its foliage annually called?
Deciduous
46
The rounded or spreading growth habit of the tree crown is called what?
Decurrent
47
What is the process in the development of cells in which they become specialized for various functions?
Differentiation
48
The pattern of wood development in which the vessels and vessel sizes are distributed evenly throughout the growth ring is called what?
Diffuse Porous
49
What is it called when the normal physical functions suspend or slow down for a period of time?
Dormant
50
What is the portion of an annual ring that forms after a period of dormancy characterized by large diameter cells and thin walls?
Earlywood
51
What is another name for earlywood?
Springwood
52
A shoot arising from a dormant bud or from a newly formed adventitious tissue is called what.
Epicormic shoot
53
A plant with tricopate pollen grains and two cotyledons in is embryo is called what?
Eudicotyledon
54
What type of plants constitute the larger of the two great divisions of flowering plants and typically have broad, stocked leaves with net-like veins?
Eudicotyledons
55
What is a tree or other plant that sheds all of its foliage progressively over a period of years rather than annually called?
Evergreen
56
The pattern of a tree branching characterized by a dominant leader and an upright or pyramidal, cone-shaped crown is called.
Excurrent
57
What is an elongated, tapering, thick-walled cell that provides strength to wood?
Fiber
58
What is the large divided leaf structure found in palms and ferns called?
Frond
59
Plant growth that is produced as a response to the force of gravity
Geotropism
60
Rings of xylem that are visible in a cross section of the stem branches and roots of some trees. In temperate zones , the rings typically represent one year of growth and are sometimes referred to as annual rings.
Growth Rings
61
The pair of specialized cells that regulate the opening and closing of stomata due to a change in water pressure within cells is called
Guard Cells
62
Plants with exposed seeds usually within cones is called
Gymnosperms
63
The classes Ginkgopsida and coniferopsida are members of what group?
The gymnosperms
64
The central wood in a branch or stem characterized by being composed of dead cells more resistant to decay, generally darker, and harder than the outer sap wood is called.
Heartwood
65
Trees may or may not have what type of wood?
Heartwood
66
What is it called when there is bark that becomes embedded in the union between branch and trunk or between codominant stems?
Included Bark
67
A cluster of flowers is called
Inflorescence
68
What is the region of the stem between two successive nodes called?
Internode
69
What is the root that arises by cell division in the pericycle of the parent root and then penetrates the cortex and epidermis?
Lateral Root
70
The portion of an annual ring that forms during summer, characterized by small -diameter cells with thick walls is called
Latewood
71
Edge of a leaf petiole where it meets the stem is called.
Leaf Axil
72
What is the small openings in the bark that permits the exchange of gases?
Lenticels
73
The organic substance that inpregnates secondary cell walls to thicken and strengthen the cell and, at times, to reduce susceptibility to decay and pest damage is called.
Lignin
74
Undifferentiated tissue in which active cell division takes place is called what?
Is found in the root tips, buds, cambium, cork cambium, and latent huds.
Meristem
75
Plants with an embryo that has one single seed leaf.Examples are grasses and palms.
Monocotyledons
76
Symbiotic association between certain fungi and absorbing roots.
Mycorrhizea
77
Points on a stem from which leaves, branches, and aerial roots are attached
Node
78
Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential is called
Osmosis
79
Thin walled, living cells capable of dividing and essential in photosynthesis, radial transport, energy storage, and production of defense compounds are
Parenchyma Cells
80
The stalk or support axis of a leaf between the stem and the blade is called
Petiole
81
A plant vascular tissue that transports photosynthates and growth regulators by directionally. Is known as what?
Situated on the inside of the bark, just outside the cambium.
Phloem
82
The general term for the sugars and other carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis is called
Photosynthate
83
The process in green plants by which light energy is used to form glucose from water and carbon dioxide is
Photosynthesis
84
The influence of light on the direction of plant growth. Tendency of plants to grow toward light.
Phototropism
85
A compound effective in small quantities that affects the growth and / or development of plants may be naturally produced or synthetic
Plant Growth Regulator
86
A substance produced by a plant that, in low concentrations, affects physiological processes such as growth and development, often at a distance from the substance's point of origin.
Plant Hormone
87
Root and stem growth in length. Occurs in both apical and lateral meristems.
Primary Growth
88
The process of increasing plant numbers, both sexually and asexually is called
Propagation
89
Lateral movement of substances, perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tree or stem
Radial Transport
90
Parenchyma tissues that extend radialy across the xylem and phloem of a tree and function in transport, storage, structural strength, and defense are known as
Ray
91
The natural boundary formed chemically within a tree to separate damaged wood from existing healthy wood. Is important in the process of compartmentalization.
Reaction Zone
92
What is the process in plants that converts carbohydrates into energy by using oxygen?
Respiration
93
Pattern of wood development in which the large-diameter vessels are concentrated in the early wood
Ring Porous
94
Area where the main roots join the plant stem, usually at or near ground level. Also known as root collar.
Root Crown
95
Region at the base of a palm stem where lateral roots emerge.
Root Initiation Zone
96
Dense network of roots. In palms, near the base of the stem.
Root Mat
97
Outer wood that has living cells that are active in logitudinal transport of water in solutes.
Sapwood
98
What is it called when there are increases in root and stem girth or diameter?
Occurs at lateral or secondary meristems in some vascular plants such as dicots.
Secondary Growth
99
Separation of wood at the growth rings or rays, often along the barrier zone that forms in the compartmentalization process.
Shake
100
A plant part that uses or stores more energy than it produces.
Sink
101
Downward-growing roots that provide anchorage and take up water and minerals. Especially useful during periods of drought.
Sinker Roots
102
In physiology, plant part that produces carbohydrates.
Source
103
Small apertures, between two guard cells on the underside of leaves and other green plant parts, through which gases are exchanged and water loss is regulated.
Stomata
104
The association of two different types of living organisms that is not detrimental to either organism and is beneficial to one, and usually both, of the organisms.
Symbiosis
105
Central, vertical root growing directly below the main street or trunk that may or may not persist into plant maturity.
Taproot
106
Region lying between the tropics and permafrost zones where temperature ranges and conditions permit plant growth.
Temperate
107
Elongated, tapering xylem cell that is dead at maturity and is adapted for the support and transport of water and elements.
Tracheid
108
Water vapor loss primarily through the stomata of leaves.
Transpiration
109
Tendency of growth or variation of a plant in response to an external stimulus, such as gravity or light.
Tropism
110
End-to-end, tubelike, water-conducting cells in the xylem of angiosperms
Vessel
111
Main water and mineral-conducting tissue in trees and other plants.
Provides structural support. Arises (inward) from the cambium and becomes wood after lignifying.
Xylem
