Ch 1 to 4 Flashcards
Brain holes to revieve pressure
trepanation
Ancient Greece
Hippocrates
What is thier belief?
Brain is seat of intelligence
Ancient Greece
Aristole
What is thier belief?
believed like the Egyptains that heart is center, not brain
Rome
Galen
What did he do?
He disected the brain and found two major stuctures; cerebellum and cerebrum
renaissance
Decrartes
What was their belief?
mind = spirituality
brian = function
What Information was descovered in the 1600 to 1700?
- Gray-white matter
What Information was discovered in the 1800?
- CNS +PNS
- Surface structures
What information was discovered in late 1800 to 1900?
Nerves=wires
expirement- nerves=cause muscles to twitch
What did Bell + Magenide learn?
Electrical Signals move along the nerve in one direction.
What inforamtion was discovered in 19th century?
Brain regions= fucntion localization
Schwann’s cell theory
all tissues are composed of cells
Scientific process
- observation
- replication
- interpration
- vertification
Neurons
cells that speacilze in processing + electrical communction
Glia
insulated and support neurons
Camillio Golgi
was founder of the Golgi stain and reticular theory
Reticualr Theory
Neurons are physicaly connected
false
Santiago Raman y cajol
Neuron Doctrine
Neuron Doctrines
communicate by touch
correct
Soma
- cell body
- contians Nelus, rough er, smooth er, golgi appartus, and mitochondria.
Soma parts
Nucleus
- Contains DNA
- Transcription: mRNA nucleic squence(info)
Soma parts
Rough ER
- Major sit eof protein syntheis
- translation mRNA synthresis for protein from amino acids
Soma parts
Smooth ER
Protein folding site and regualtes Ca2+ concentration
Soma parts
Golgi Appartus
Post-translational modifcations and delivers to distinction.
Soma parts
Mitochondria
ATP
- kerb cycle= cellular respiration
Neuronal Membrane
it’s semi- permeable and contains proteins
Cytoskelton
gives neuron it’s shape
important for fucntion
microtubes
stands and tublin around hollow tube
s
microfilamamants
two thing strands of actin
neurofilament
rope-like structure
Axon
delivers info from one cell to another
is differnt from soma
has no R er
Axon Terminal
enlarged area at the end of the axon
contians mitochindria and synapthic vessesl
Synapse
contact b/w two neruons
pre-synaptic
axon terminal
post-synaptic
dendrites or soma of another neuorn
Synaptic cleft
space b/w the two neuron
Synaptic transmission
information transfer b/w neuron
Action potential
information is conducted
* fucntion: elctrical signals (ALL or Nothing)
Why are Neurons excitable?
beucase they have resting memebrane potential
Cytosol
miantian intraceullural and extracellular fluids
* water is polar
ions
molecules and atoms have a net electrical charge
Phosopholipid membrane
a fluid barrier
How is the fuild barrier made?
lipids are hydrophobic; causing them to move away from water
types of proteins in neurons
enzymes, cystosketeal proteins, receptors, special transmemebrane proteins
primary structure
chain of amino acids
secondary structure
coil or pleat structure as amino acid chain forms
tertiary structure
3d shape, forms sides
Quatennary structure
arrangment of subunits
Channels
allows proteins through the lipid bilayer
Ion pumps
enzymes, need atp to function
* moves ions across the membrane
* Na+ pump
improtant of channels
selectivity and permeabiltiy
Diffusion
- moves ions from
- high to low concentration
- and pushes through channels due to concentration gradient
Electricabilty
- movement of electrical charge
- influences ion movement
- detemined by electrical potential + electrical conduct
nueronal membrane at rest
ionic basis of the resting membrane potential
voltage across the membrane
resting potential
due to uneven charge distribution required for neuron to function
* AP peak (40 mv) due to movement of ions
Equilibrium Potentially
point where diffusion and electrical forces are equal
* ions cease to move across the membrane
* no channels in memebrane
Key points of action potential
- small changes in ion concentration= large changes in membrane potential
- net difference in charge out membrane surface
- membrane potential- equilibrium potential= rate of ion movement (ionic driving force)
What is Action potential?
a signal that convey info over by distance
rising phase
rapid deploraztion of the membrane
overshoot
when inside of cell is chnged
falling phase
rapid replorzation of the membrane
undershoot
when interval chnage falls below resting potential aka hyperplorazation.
generation of AP
- input of info: neurotransmitter binds to receptor and energy from serving input
- transmitter: gated na+ channels open along the dendrites
- deplorziation- reactes threshold level at the axon hillock (all or none)
AP theory
factors governing the electrical current
ions move when channels are open
conductance
number of open channels
NA+ ion
highly concentration outside of the neuron
highly conductance when channel open
openning of Na+ channel
rising phase of AP
K+ flows at the neuron
falling phase of AP
voltage clamp
rounding how ions move when membrane potential is held constant
Voltage-gated Na+ channel structure
open w/ little delay but has a quick rising phase
* needs to react to AP until membrane potential reputation
* deplorization at ~40 mv
voltage Gated K+ channels
channels open later than Na+ channel
* takes about 1 m/sec for them to open
* causes reset membrane potential
Propagation:orthodermic
AP travel in one direction
Antidermic
backwards of propagation
* ap travels towards cell body
conduction velocity
how fast up spread’s along membrane
bigger=faster
Myelianted axons
- current flow
Spike-initation zone
axon hillock
graded potential
Na+, Ca+, Cl-, enters gated ion channels
neural code
pattern of firing communicate specfic types of information
Multiple sclerosis
autoimmune attacks the same concept of meylate shealth from CNS/ oligrodracyctes
