Ch. 1 Themes of Biology & Inquiry Flashcards
What is “Biology”
the study of life
How do we define “life” or living things?
by what they do
Themes in biology
Organization
Information
Energy and matter
Interaction
Evolution
What does evolution make sense of?
Everything we know about life on Earth (shows us the diversity of the past and present)
Attributes and properties of life
Order
Energy processing
Growth and development
Response to the environment
Reproduction
Regulation
Evolutionary adaptation
Levels of biological information
Biosphere
Ecosystems
Communities
Populations
Organisms
Organs
Tissues
Cells
Organelles
Molecules
How many levels of biological information are there?
10
What is the biological information acronym
Being elegant can probably organize onions that call ovens musty
Biosphere:
can see all life on earth and places where life is
Ecosystems
all living things in a particular area: non-living things
Communities
array of organisms in a particular biological community (set of populations)
Populations
All individuals living within bounds of a specific area that interbreed with each other
Organisms
Individual living things
Organs
Body part made up of many tissues and has specific functions in the body
Tissues
Group of cells that work together to perform specialized function (leaves, stems, roots)
Cells
Lifes fundamental unit of structure and functions of life (plant cell, animal cell, human cell)
Organelles
various functional components present in cells (cholorplast)
Molecules
Chemical structure consisting of two or more atoms (chlorophyll)
Eukaryotic cells
membrane closed organelles containing a nucleus, DNA cite and other organelles specific to the cell type
Prokaryotic cells
lacks a nucleus and other membrane enclosed organelles… generally smaller
(eukaryotic) Cells have DNA which contain
Chromosomes
Each chromosome contains 1 big ___ ______ with thousands of genes (unit of inheritance)
DNA Molecule
Specific sequences of _____ encode information in genes.
Nucleotides
DNA Molecule is made up of….
2 long strands or called a double helix
A double helix is made up of how many nucleotides?
4 (A,T,C,G)
A sequence of nucleotides along a gene is transcribed into
mRNA… which is translated to linked series of protein building blocks called ino ac_d.
What do amino acids do?
Form specific protein with its own shape and function.
Gene expression is
the process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs.
Differences in organisms reflect differences between _____ ______ rather than _____ ____.
nucleotide sequences; genetic codes
Genomics is the
Study of large-scale analysis of DNA
Proteomics is the
Study of sets of proteins and their properties.
The whole “library’’ of genetic instructions an organism acquires is
Genome
How does energy flow through an ecosystem?
cellular activities require work and work requires energy; primarily from the sun. producers use photosynthesis while consumers get chemical energy from food such as other organisms or plants. When an organism uses chemical energy to work then heat is lost/ produced.
Energy flows in an ecosystem from ____ to ____.
light; heat
The chemical cycle in an ecosystem is
used and recycled. Chemical are returned to the earth by decomposition/ decomposers.
Feedback regulation is
the regulation of a process by its output or end product.
The most common feedback is NEGATIVE FEEDBACK which is
A response that reduces the initial stimulus (ex: high glucose levels stimulate insulin to be produced. binds to cells and they take them in which in turn reduces the glucose level)
Positive feedback is
when the end product speeds up its own production (ex: blood clotting)
Evolution is
the “descent with modification”
-process of biological change which species accumulate differences from their ancestors as they adapt to their environment over time
-also defined as change in genetic composition of a population from generation to generation.
3 domains of life
Bacteria and Archaea
Eukarya
Unity
features of a cell structure among distantly related organisms
Natural selection is
a process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits
Science is
the way of knowing an approach to understand our natural world
Inquiry
the search of information and explanations of a natural phenomena
Recorded information is
Data
Qualitative/ Quantitative
Hypothesis
is an explanation based on observations and assumptions leading to a testable prediction.
Experiment is a
scientific test carried out under controlled conditions.
Deductive reasoning uses what theory
Deductive reasoning… If then statement
Controlled experiment
one designed to compare an experimental group
variables
feature/ quantity that varies in an experiment
independent variable
factor being manipulated by researchers
dependent variable
factor being measured that is predicted to be affected by the independent variable
Theory
Broad scope hypothesis: general enough to spin off new hypothesis and generally supported by much more evidence
model organism
species that is easy to grow in the lab and lends itself particularly well to the questions being answered.
Emergent properties
the whole is greater than the sum of parts
Two major processes that describe ecosystem dynamics are
Natural selection
Evolution
In the vast majority of organisms there is a relationship between ________ and ______
Structure/ Form
Function
Living things are placed in nested groupings that reflect unifying characteristics. Broadest of narrowest.
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Organism
Family
Genus
Species
Acronym for DKPCOFGS
Don’t kinky people come over for great sex
How is discovery science and hypothesis based scientific inquiry different?
-Discovery uses natural structure/process by using observations and data analysis. Uses induction not scientific method.
-Hypothesis based: Obervartions led to questions. Hypothesis. Explanations, predictions, results, observations to be repeatable. Deductive reasoning… if then.
