Ch. 1: The History of Diagnostic Medical Sonography and Sonographers Flashcards
1
Q
What Is Audible Range and Ultrasound Frequency?
- Ultrasound describes sound frequencies ____ (____-) the range of ____ ____ hearing frequency (i.e., ____ hertz [Hz] and ____ Hz (____ kilohertz [kHz])
- Thus ultrasound refers to sound frequencies greater than ____ kHz
- Used in applications such as ____ ____ openers and to detect flaws in ____
- Common use of ultrasound is ____, which can locate objects under water as well as determine the ____.
- Has medical uses in both ____ and ____ applications
A
What Is Audible Range and Ultrasound Frequency?
- Ultrasound describes sound frequencies beyond (ultra-) the range of normal human hearing frequency (i.e., 20 hertz [Hz] and 20,000 Hz (20 kilohertz [kHz])
- Thus ultrasound refers to sound frequencies greater than 20 kHz
- Used in applications such as automatic door openers and to detect flaws in metals
- Common use of ultrasound is sonar, which can locate objects under water as well as determine the distance.
- Has medical uses in both diagnostic and therapeutic applications
2
Q
Therapeutic Ultrasound
- Used in ____ and ____ therapy to ____ blood flow to help ____ up the healing process and to create a ____ in the tissues
- Used to treat ____ injuries, back and joint conditions, soft ____ injuries and ____ conditions
- ____ ____ ____ ____
- This is a procedure where high level ultrasound waves are used to shatter ____ ____ ____ so that they are pulverized and can be passed out of the body in the urine
- Ex: ____ can also be used to break up ____ and heel spurs
A
Therapeutic Ultrasound
- Used in physical and occupational therapy to increase blood flow to help speed up the healing process and to create a warming in the tissues
- Used to treat MSK injuries, back and joint conditions, soft tissue injuries and chronic conditions
- Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy
- This is a procedure where high level ultrasound waves are used to shatter simple kidney stones, so that they are pulverized and can be passed out of the body in the urine
- Ex: Lithotripsy can also be used to break up gallstones and heel spurs
3
Q
What Is Ultrasound and Sonography?
- Most common use of ultrasound in medicine is ____ ____
- The term ultrasound is very broad and includes both ____ and non-medical uses of sound waves as well as ____ and diagnostic applications in medical applications
- Sonography is the term used to specify the ____ ____ application of ultrasound
- Ultrasonography is a synonym for ____
A
What Is Ultrasound and Sonography?
- Most common use of ultrasound in medicine is diagnostic ultrasound
- The term ultrasound is very broad and includes both medical and non-medical uses of sound waves as well as therapeutic and diagnostic applications in medical applications
- Sonography is the term used to specify the diagnostic imaging application of ultrasound
- Ultrasonography is a synonym for sonography
4
Q
What is ultrasound?
A
What is ultrasound?
- Ultrasound can be used in many forms or variations that are either medical or non-medical. Specifically, It is beyond the range of audible sound which is 20 kHz
5
Q
What is sonography?
A
What is sonography?
- Sonography is a form of diagnostic medical Imaging. It is the procedure of producing diagnostic images. Sono, which means sound and graphy, meanings drawing can be combined to form a drawing with sound
6
Q
Robert Boyle (1660)
- Popularized theory of the ____ ____ ____
- Provided evidence that ____ is necessary for either the production or transmission of ____
A
Robert Boyle (1660)
- Popularized theory of the elasticity of air
- Provided evidence that air is necessary for either the production or transmission of sound
7
Q
Sir Isaac Newton (1668)
- Physicist, mathematician , and astronomer
- ____ Theory of Velocity: Sound-pressure pulses transmitted through ____
- Experimented with demonstrating the speed of ____
- Believed ____ made up of tiny particles
A
Sir Isaac Newton (1668)
- Physicist, mathematician , and astronomer
- Derivation Theory of Velocity: Sound-pressure pulses transmitted through fluid
- Experimented with demonstrating the speed of sound
- Believed light made up of tiny particles
8
Q
Christiaan Huygens
- Argued that ____ consists of waves derived the laws of ____ and ____
A
Christiaan Huygens
- Argued that light consists of waves derived the laws of reflection and refraction
9
Q
Lord Rayleigh English Physicist
- Published “The ____ ____ ____” (1877): The mechanics of a vibrating medium that produces ____(Volume 1) and acoustic
wave ____(Volume 2)
A
Lord Rayleigh English Physicist
- Published “The Theory of Sound” (1877): The mechanics of a vibrating medium that produces sound (Volume 1) and acoustic
wave propagation (Volume 2)
10
Q
Sonography is the ____ oldest imaging modality
A
Sonography is the third oldest imaging modality
11
Q
What are the three earliest imaging modalities?
- The three earliest imaging modalities are ____, ____ or X-ray, and ____ imaging or nuclear ____. ____ is the ____ oldest imaging modality. Nuclear medicine began as early as the ____’s and radiology began before that making it to be the ____ imaging modality.
A
What are the three earliest imaging modalities?
- The three earliest imaging modalities are sonography, radiology or X-ray, and nuclear imaging or nuclear medicine. Sonography is the third oldest imaging modality. Nuclear medicine began as early as the 1900’s and radiology began before that making it to be the oldest imaging modality.
12
Q
Lazzaro Spallanzani (1793)
- ____ Priest-Scientist
- Observed that ____ function efficiently in the ____, even when blinded, they could still function normally
- However, if they were ____, they would not
- He deduced that bats must be able to hear something that humans ____ ____
- Theorized that bats could hear something he could not hear
A
Lazzaro Spallanzani (1793)
- Italian Priest-Scientist
- Observed that bats function efficiently in the dark, even when blinded, they could still function normally
- However, if they were deafen, they would not
- He deduced that bats must be able to hear something that humans cannot hear
- Theorized that bats could hear something he could not hear
13
Q
Jacque and Pierre Curie (1880)
- ____ ____: Certain ____ expand and contract slightly when placed in an ____ ____ field
- Reverse ____ allows the same crystal to create an electric potential, making the crystals useful as ____ and sources of sound waves
- Their accomplishments ultimately led to the development of the ____ ____ ____
A
Jacque and Pierre Curie (1880)
- Piezoelectric effect: Certain crystals expand and contract slightly when placed in an alternating electrical field
- Reverse piezoelectricity allows the same crystal to create an electric potential, making the crystals useful as receivers and sources of sound waves
- Their accomplishments ultimately led to the development of the modern ultrasound transducer
14
Q
Augustin Fresnel (1818)
- Theorized that light “____” possess the same frequency as their ____ ____ (____-____principle)
- This theory became important for scientists studying ____ when they began to compare the similarities and differences between ____ ____ and ____
A
Augustin Fresnel (1818)
- Theorized that light “wavelets” possess the same frequency as their original wave (Huygens-Fresnel principle)
- This theory became important for scientists studying acoustics when they began to compare the similarities and differences between light waves and sound waves
15
Q
Christian Doppler (1842)
- ____ effect: When a source of ____ motion moves, the apparent ____ of the emitted wave changes
A
Christian Doppler (1842)
- Doppler effect: When a source of wave motion moves, the apparent frequency of the emitted wave changes.
16
Q
Sir Francis Galton (1883)
- Invented the ____ ____
A
Sir Francis Galton (1883)
- Invented the ultrasonic whistle
17
Q
Langevin and Chilowsky
- Used property of ____ ____ waves to detect ____ objects using the ____
- Basis for ____ pulse echo sonar
- Discovered harmful effects of ____
A
Langevin and Chilowsky
- Used property of echoing sound waves to detect underwater objects using the hydrophone
- Basis for naval pulse echo sonar
- Discovered harmful effects of ultrasound
18
Q
Floyd Firestone
- Invented the ____, which cleansed metals and detected ____ in metal
A
Floyd Firestone
- Invented the reflectoscope, which cleansed metals and detected flaws in metal
19
Q
Paul Langevin (1915) After the Titanic Sank
- Invented a sonar type device that used echolocation to detect ____
- Used property of echoing sound waves to detect ____ ____
- Hydrophone— The ____ ____ to detect icebergs
- Basis for naval pulse echo sonar-detects submarines in ____
A
Paul Langevin (1915) After the Titanic Sank
- Invented a sonar type device that used echolocation to detect submarines
- Used property of echoing sound waves to detect underwater objects
- Hydrophone— The 1st transducer to detect icebergs
- Basis for naval pulse echo sonar-detects submarines in WWI
20
Q
George Ludwig (1940s)
- Detected ____
- Developed the first application of ultrasound for ____ ____
- A Physician at the Naval Research Institute of Maryland performed experiments and was successful in detecting ____
- Ludwig also used ____ presentation of reflected echoes exclusively
A
George Ludwig (1940s)
- Detected gallstones
- Developed the first application of ultrasound for medical purposes
- A Physician at the Naval Research Institute of Maryland performed experiments and was successful in detecting gallstones
- Ludwig also used A-Mode presentation of reflected echoes exclusively
21
Q
Dr. Wild
- First to use ultrasound to detect ____ ____
- Pioneer in the development of early ____ ____
- Constructed an early prototype ____ scanner with engineer John Reid using an externally placed ____ ____
- Wild and Reid’s B-mode (____ ____) techniques used 2D presentations of echo-producing interfaces
- Discovered that ____ ____ differed from normal tissue
A
Dr. Wild
- First to use ultrasound to detect tissue thickness
- Pioneer in the development of early internal scanners
- Constructed an early prototype breast scanner with engineer John Reid using an externally placed water path
- Wild and Reid’s B-mode (brightness modulation) techniques used 2D presentations of echo-producing interfaces
- Discovered that cancerous tissue differed from normal tissue
22
Q
Edler and Hertz (1953)
- Explored the use of ultrasound in the ____ using a technique that added a continuous moving display of the returning echoes (____) to evaluate the motion of the heart valves
A
Edler and Hertz (1953)
- Explored the use of ultrasound in the heart using a technique that added a continuous moving display of the returning echoes (M-mode) to evaluate the motion of the heart valves
23
Q
Holmes, Wright, and Meyerdirk (1962)
- Developed the first compound contact ____ scanner ____
- Radiologist, Dr. Douglas Howry and Dr. Joseph Holmes, worked together to develop a “____ ____” scanner
- This required that the patient be submerged in ____
- They first used a laundry tub and later as ____ ____ for this purpose
- This proved to be impractical in case of a sick patient, so they next developed a ____ ____
- With the ____ ____, the patient could sit next to a small pan of water, in which the transducer was move
- They eventually developed a ____ contact scanner
- The compound contact scanner allowed the transducer to be moved directly on the body of the patient over a thin coat of ____ or other lubricating substance
- The compound contact scanner was originally a ceiling mount, but evolved into a ____ ____
A
Holmes, Wright, and Meyerdirk (1962)
- Developed the first compound contact B-mode scanner Porta-Arm
- Radiologist, Dr. Douglas Howry and Dr. Joseph Holmes, worked together to develop a “water path” scanner
- This required that the patient be submerged in water
- They first used a laundry tub and later as cattle tank for this purpose
- This proved to be impractical in case of a sick patient, so they next developed a pan scanner
- With the pan scanner, the patient could sit next to a small pan of water, in which the transducer was move
- They eventually developed a compound contact scanner
- The compound contact scanner allowed the transducer to be moved directly on the body of the patient over a thin coat of oil or other lubricating substance
- The compound contact scanner was originally a ceiling mount, but evolved into a porta arm
24
Q
Ian Donald, (Scottish Physician)
- Noted the sonic difference between ____ ____ and tumors
- Detected ____ ____, ____, and ____ using A-mode
- Introduced fluid-filled bladder technique for ____ studies
- Was first to demonstrate a ____ sac (1954)
- Perfected ____ measurement of fetal BPD (1959)
- With Brown, developed ____ compound contact scanner, mechanical sector scanner, and the ____
- Contributed to the diagnosis of multiple ____, hydatidiform mole, and hydramnios
- He is known as the father of ____ ____
A
Ian Donald, (Scottish Physician)
- Noted the sonic difference between normal tissue and tumors
- Detected ovarian cysts, ascites, and polyhydramnios using A-mode
- Introduced fluid-filled bladder technique for ob-gyn studies
- Was first to demonstrate a gestational sac (1954)
- Perfected A-Mode measurement of fetal BPD (1959)
- With Brown, developed B-Mode compound contact scanner, mechanical sector scanner, and the Diasonograph (1960) next slide
- Contributed to the diagnosis of multiple pregnancies, hydatidiform mole, and hydramnios
- He is known as the father of obstetric ultrasound
25
**A Brief History of Sonography**
- George Kossoff developed a new type of scan converter (____ ____ converter systems) that could process the returning echoes and display them as different shades of gray, depending on their intensity, and grayscale imaging was born with on screen measuring ____
- Digital Scan Converters replaced analog lead to real time machines in 1970’s
- Wilcox founded Advanced Diagnostic Research (ADR) Corporation- Refine real-time ____ ____
- By mid-1980s, new and improved real-time equipment became available and started to replace the static ____
- The ultrasound field continued to grow as new transducer technologies continued to develop
** A Brief History of Sonography**
- George Kossoff developed a new type of scan converter(Analog scan converter systems) that could process the returning echoes and display them as different shades of gray, depending on their intensity, and grayscale imaging was born with on screen measuring calipers
- Digital Scan Converters replaced analog lead to real time machines in 1970’s
- Wilcox founded Advanced Diagnostic Research (ADR) Corporation- refine real-time ultrasound machines
- By mid-1980s, new and improved real-time equipment became available and started to replace the static B-scanners
- The ultrasound field continued to grow as new transducer technologies continued to develop
26
**A Brief History of Doppler**
- Baker—Designed several sophisticated, ____ ____
- Baker, Rushmer, and Franklin—Developed a small, ____ ____, portable, continuous-wave ____ ____ for transcutaneous use
- Strandess—Developed ____ measuring of the ____ vascular system; his 1967 publication assigned particular waveforms to specific disease conditions.
- Baker and Watkins—Developed first ____ ____ unit (1970)
**A Brief History of Doppler**
- Baker—Designed several sophisticated, implantable flowmeters
- Baker, Rushmer, and Franklin—Developed a small, hand-held, portable, continuous-wave Doppler device for transcutaneous use
- Strandess—Developed noninvasive measuring of the peripheral vascular system; his 1967 publication assigned particular waveforms to specific disease conditions.
- Baker and Watkins—Developed first pulsed Doppler unit (1970)
27
**The Doppler Revolution**
- Baker—developed technique for determining ____ ____ volume from Doppler ____ measurements
- The ____ group—first pulsed-Doppler scanner capable of combining with 2D ____-scale imaging (1974)
- Now possible to use gray-scale imaging to guide the placement of the ultrasound beam for Doppler signal acquisition
- Japanese researchers: ____ ____mapping techniques
- Demonstrate that tissue vascularity increases in the presence of ____ conditions
**The Doppler Revolution**
- Baker—developed technique for determining blood flow volume from Doppler velocimetry measurements
- The Seattle group—first pulsed-Doppler scanner capable of combining with 2D gray-scale imaging (1974)
- Now possible to use gray-scale imaging to guide the placement of the ultrasound beam for Doppler signal acquisition
- Japanese researchers—color-flow mapping techniques
- Demonstrate that tissue vascularity increases in the presence of malignant conditions
28
**Ultrasound: Then and Now**
- Sonography has benefited from ____ and technical improvements
- New technologies allow ultrasound to diagnose ____ that had traditionally required ____ procedures or the use of potentially ____ imaging contrast agents as well as exposing the patient to radiation
- ____ and ____ units allow ultrasound to be available in remote places in the world and even in outer space
**Ultrasound: Then and Now**
- Sonography has benefited from computer and technical improvements
- New technologies allow ultrasound to diagnose pathology that had traditionally required invasive procedures or the use of potentially nephrotoxic imaging contrast agents as well as exposing the patient to radiation
- Compact and handheld units allow ultrasound to be available in remote places in the world and even in outer space
29
**The Sonographer**
- Early sonographers were called ____ ____ ____
- A technician is someone with ____ weeks to 6 ____ of education beyond high school
- A technologist, by definition, is someone who specializes in a ____
- Sonographer is specific to a person who performs ____ ____
- Sonologist ultrasounds may be ____ and ____ by a variety of physicians
- The term sonologist refers to any physician who interprets the ____ ____
- Early Sonographer's were called **____ ____**
- Early Pioneers: ____ Baker, Marveen ____.
- 1952 AIUM- ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
- 1969 - 6 non-physicians and non-engineers attended a AIUM meeting and were ask to start a ***____ ____ ____ ____> (ASUTS)*** was born Oct 12, 1970. ***____ ____*** was the **first President*.***
- Sept 16, 1980-under leadership of ASUTS President ____ Hagen-Ansert, society changed its name to (SDMS) ____ ____ ____ ____ ____but because not all members were actual ***Sonograher’s*** it was change to Society of Diagnostic Medical ******
**The Sonographer**
- Early sonographers were called ultrasound technical specialists
- A technician is someone with 6 weeks to 6 months of education beyond high school
- A technologist, by definition, is someone who specializes in a technology
- Sonographer is specific to a person who performs medical sonography
- Sonologist ultrasounds may be performed and interpreted by a variety of physicians
- The term sonologist refers to any physician who interprets the ultrasound study
- Early Sonographer's were called ***Ultrasound Technician***
- Early Pioneers: Joan Baker, Marveen Craig.
- 1952 AIUM- American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine
- 1969 - 6 non-physicians and non-engineers attended a AIUM meeting and were ask to start a ***Society for Technical Specialist> (ASUTS)*** was born Oct 12, 1970. ***Joan Baker*** was the **first President*.***
- Sept 16, 1980-under leadership of ASUTS President Sandra Hagen-Ansert, society changed its name to (SDMS) Society of Diagnostic Medical Sonographers but because not all members were actual ***Sonograher’s*** it was change to Society of Diagnostic Medical ******
30
**Major Turning Point**
- 2002 to 2003- US Department of Labor’s ____ of Labor and ____ published Occupational Handbook which classified Diagnostic Medical Sonographer as a separate, ____ occupation for the first time.
- October 1991- the first annual sonographer ____ ____ occurred. Now called (MUAM) ____ ____ ____ ____
- MUAM is celebrated every ____
- To help create ____ ____ of the role of the Diagnostic Medical Sonographer in healthcare, as well as the many applicational uses
**Major Turning Point**
- 2002 to 2003- US Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor and Statistics published Occupational Handbook which classified Diagnostic Medical Sonographer as a separate, independent occupation for the first time.
- October 1991- the first annual sonographer awareness week occurred. Now called (MUAM) Medical Ultrasound Awareness Month
- MUAM is celebrated every October
- To help create public awareness of the role of the Diagnostic Medical Sonographer in healthcare, as well as the many applicational uses
31
**Difference between Ultrasound Technician, Ultrasound Technologist, and Sonographer**
- Ultrasound Technician— ____ Weeks to 6 ____ of education
- Ultrasound Technologist— Someone who specializes in ____
- Sonographer— Specific to a person who performs ____ ____
**Difference between Ultrasound Technician, Ultrasound Technologist, and Sonographer**
- Ultrasound Technician— 6 Weeks to 6 months of education
- Ultrasound Technologist— Someone who specializes in technology
- Sonographer— Specific to a person who performs medical sonography
32
**American Registry for Diagnostic Medical Sonography (ARDMS)**
- In 1974, ARDMS was tasked with providing valid ____ ____ certification procedures for medical professionals who performed ____ ____ ____
- Starting in 1983, the practical and oral aspects of the examination were integrated and administered as ____ ____
- In ____, the ARDMS began offering ____-based examinations
- In ____, the ARDMS restructured as a ____ ____ ____, which is a new healthcare organization
**American Registry for Diagnostic Medical Sonography (ARDMS)**
- In 1974, ARDMS was tasked with providing valid high-quality certification procedures for medical professionals who performed diagnostic medical sonography
- Starting in 1983, the practical and oral aspects of the examination were integrated and administered as written questions
- In 1991, the ARDMS began offering computer-based examinations
- In 2016, the ARDMS restructured as a council under Inteleos, which is a new healthcare organization
33
**The American Registry for Diagnostic Medical Sonography (ARDMS) Mission and Vision**
- ARDMS Council members developed a vision statement and mission statement for ARDMS. Council members wanted to capture important values such as continual learning, ____ ____, scientific rigor, sonographer-focused, empowerment, high quality and global standards
- The vision statement is an aspirational goal that sets the course and tone for the future. The mission statement explains the way in which ARDMS plans to achieve the vision and make a difference in the world.
- **ARDMS Vision:** The American Registry for Diagnostic Medical Sonography (ARDMS) creates the ____ ____ of professional excellence in sonography
- **ARDMS Mission:** The American Registry for Diagnostic Medical Sonography (ARDMS) empowers sonographers to provide exceptional ____ ____through rigorous ____ and ____ learning
**The American Registry for Diagnostic Medical Sonography (ARDMS) Mission and Vision**
- ARDMS Council members developed a vision statement and mission statement for ARDMS. Council members wanted to capture important values such as continual learning, patient care, scientific rigor, sonographer-focused, empowerment, high quality and global standards
- The vision statement is an aspirational goal that sets the course and tone for the future. The mission statement explains the way in which ARDMS plans to achieve the vision and make a difference in the world.
- **ARDMS Vision:** The American Registry for Diagnostic Medical Sonography (ARDMS) creates the global standards of professional excellence in sonography
- **ARDMS Mission:** The American Registry for Diagnostic Medical Sonography (ARDMS) empowers sonographers to provide exceptional patient care through rigorous assessments and continual learning
34
**Benefits of Certification**
- ARDMS certification clearly shows your patients, fellow healthcare professionals, employers and the medical facilities you work with that you are a ____ professional in the field of Sonography
**Benefits of Certification**
- ARDMS certification clearly shows your patients, fellow healthcare professionals, employers and the medical facilities you work with that you are a dedicated professional in the field of Sonography
35
**Why Get Certified? Benefits of Certification, and How to Earn Your Credential(s)**
Why Get Certified?
- We created our certification program to support ____ ____ interested in achieving excellence in Sonography
- Certification ____ you as an expert in your field and demonstrates that you have the ____ ____ knowledge and skills needed to provide top care to your patients
- Take the first step and read our [sonography student resources](https://www.ardms.org/discover-ardms/students/resources-for-sonography-students/) to learn more about the sonography field, important terminology, and student programs
- Learning the benefits of certification is the ____ step for individuals considering a career in sonography
Benefits of Certification
- When you achieve ARDMS certification, you:
- Represent the ____ standard in the field
- Communicate a ____ to ____ ____ and safety
- Increase your career ____
- Gain visibility and ____ in the field
- Reassure patients and employers that you are committed to ____ in Sonography
How to Earn Your Credential(s)
- In order to earn your credential(s), you must first meet specific prerequisite/eligibility requirements
- Once you have selected a prerequisite, you can apply for a specialty ____ under one of our many credentials listed in the [Get Certified](https://www.ardms.org/get-certified/)
- For the RDMS, RDCS and RVT credentials, you will also have to take the corresponding ____ ____ & ____ (SPI) Examination within ____ years of taking your specialty exam
Discover Ways to Give Back
- Volunteers are the cornerstone of fulfilling the ARDMS mission, we make it easy to give back
- Discover ways to advance and contribute to patient care in the field of Sonography
**Why Get Certified? Benefits of Certification, and How to Earn Your Credential(s)**
Why Get Certified?
- We created our certification program to support sonography professionals interested in achieving excellence in Sonography
- Certification distinguishes you as an expert in your field and demonstrates that you have the cutting-edge knowledge and skills needed to provide top care to your patients
- Take the first step and read our [sonography student resources](https://www.ardms.org/discover-ardms/students/resources-for-sonography-students/) to learn more about the sonography field, important terminology, and student programs
- Learning the benefits of certification is the first step for individuals considering a career in sonography
Benefits of Certification
- When you achieve ARDMS certification, you:
- Represent the highest standard in the field
- Communicate a commitment to patient care and safety
- Increase your career opportunities
- Gain visibility and credibility in the field
- Reassure patients and employers that you are committed to excellence in Sonography
How to Earn Your Credential(s)
- In order to earn your credential(s), you must first meet specific prerequisite/eligibility requirements
- Once you have selected a prerequisite, you can apply for a specialty examination under one of our many credentials listed in the [Get Certified](https://www.ardms.org/get-certified/)
- For the RDMS, RDCS and RVT credentials, you will also have to take the corresponding Sonography Principles & Instrumentation (SPI) Examination within five years of taking your specialty exam
Discover Ways to Give Back
- Volunteers are the cornerstone of fulfilling the ARDMS mission, we make it easy to give back
- Discover ways to advance and contribute to patient care in the field of Sonography
36
**The Era of Transducer Technology**
- Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) ideal technology for studying the progression, stabilization, and potential regression of ____ ____
- Possible to thread a tiny ultrasound transducer into the ____ ____ to give a cross-sectional view from the inside out, showing the physician where the normal artery wall ends and the plaque begins
- Useful in the treatment of ____ ____insufficiency and the diagnosis of acute and chronic venous disease
**The Era of Transducer Technology**
- Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) ideal technology for studying the progression, stabilization, and potential regression of coronary atherosclerosis
- Possible to thread a tiny ultrasound transducer into the coronary arteries to give a cross-sectional view from the inside out, showing the physician where the normal artery wall ends and the plaque begins
- Useful in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency and the diagnosis of acute and chronic venous disease
37
**Two Significant Emerging Technologic Advancements**
**Tissue Harmonic Imaging (THI) and Contrast Agents**
- These new technologies can salvage suboptimal studies and increase diagnostic accuracy of us imaging and doppler
- Harmonic imaging is the creation of an image from sound reflections at *____ the frequency of the transmitted sound*
- Harmonic imaging is a ____ method of distinguishing different types of tissue
- Provides additional information about the soft tissue structures being ____
- Harmonic Doppler ultrasound used to improve detection of ____ ____ ____ ____ by enhancing the Doppler signal from blood and suppressing the echoes from surrounding tissue
**Two Significant Emerging Technologic Advancements**
**Tissue Harmonic Imaging (THI) and Contrast Agents**
- These new technologies can salvage suboptimal studies and increase diagnostic accuracy of us imaging and doppler
- Harmonic imaging is the creation of an image from sound reflections at *twice the frequency of the transmitted sound*
- Harmonic imaging is a quantitative method of distinguishing different types of tissue.
- Provides additional information about the soft tissue structures being insonated
- Harmonic Doppler ultrasound used to improve detection of flow in small vessels by enhancing the Doppler signal from blood and suppressing the echoes from surrounding tissue
38
**Harmonic Imaging**
- Acoustic emission effect after IV injection of contrast material
39
**Twenty-First Century Sonography**
- Three-dimensional (3D) and four-dimensional (4D) ultrasound imaging
- VOCAL (volume calculation) enables ____ and ____ of the imaged area of interest
- Musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSUS) imaging used for examining ____ soft-tissue pathology
- Hand-carried units (HCU) are ____ ultrasound systems weighing less than ____ pounds
- Hand-Carried Units:
- ____
- ____
- A focused assessment with sonography in trauma (FAST)—time-sensitive diagnosis of potentially ____ ____ bleeding
- Transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD)—evaluates blood as it flows through the ____
**Twenty-First Century Sonography**
- Three-dimensional (3D) and four-dimensional (4D) ultrasound imaging
- VOCAL (volume calculation) enables reformation and rendering of the imaged area of interest
- Musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSUS) imaging used for examining superficial soft-tissue pathology
- Hand-carried units (HCU) are compact ultrasound systems weighing less than 10 pounds
- Hand-Carried Units:
- The Sonosite M-Turbo
- General Electric’s V-scan
- A focused assessment with sonography in trauma (FAST)—time-sensitive diagnosis of potentially life-threatening bleeding
- Transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD)—evaluates blood as it flows through the brain
40
**Twenty-First Century Ultrasound**
Interventional Ultrasound
- Applications for the treatment of ____ collections, inflammatory diseases, and benign and malignant tumors
- Interventional ____
- Interventional ____ management: needle advancement in real time and observing of spread of local anesthetic around nerve structures
- Tumor ____
- ____ delivery (cancer-treating seeds)
- High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU)
- Acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI)
- Elastography can detect tumors and the dense, fibrous tissue that grows around malignant tumors.
- Fusion imaging—Uses elastography with color ____ and magnetic ____ imaging (MRI) to monitor tissue changes
**Twenty-First Century Ultrasound**
Interventional Ultrasound
- Applications for the treatment of fluid collections, inflammatory diseases, and benign and malignant tumors
- Interventional echocardiography
- Interventional pain management: needle advancement in real time and observing of spread of local anesthetic around nerve structures
- Tumor biopsies
- Brachytherapy delivery (cancer-treating seeds)
- High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU)
- Acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI)
- Elastography can detect tumors and the dense, fibrous tissue that grows around malignant tumors.
- Fusion imaging—uses elastography with color Doppler and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to monitor tissue changes
41
**The Future of Ultrasound**
- Ergonomics
- Patient-focused care
- Merging ultrasound probes with smart phones (Already in use)
**The Future of Ultrasound**
- ____
- ____-focused care
- Merging ultrasound probes with ____ ____(Already in use)
42
**Siemans Pocket Ultrasound**
- ____ lbs (.725kg), the ____ pocket ultrasound device
- Designed for ease of use with an intuitive ____-style user interface
- Ready anywhere, anytime with instant power-up
- ____-quality images (fundamental and harmonic 2D-mode)
- ____-standard USB port for information sharing, upgrades
**Siemans Pocket Ultrasound**
- 1.6 lbs (.725kg), the first pocket ultrasound device
- Designed for ease of use with an intuitive PDA-style user interface
- Ready anywhere, anytime with instant power-up
- High-quality images (fundamental and harmonic 2D-mode)
- Industry-standard USB port for information sharing, upgrades
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**4D Ultrasound**
- Recent developments in 4D ultrasound imaging technology allow clinicians to obtain not only rich visual information but also ____ data that can be used for diagnosis and treatment
- Advances in ultrasound technology make 4D ultrasound imaging ____ and less ____ on the operator's expertise, thus opening up more research possibilities in the fields of data processing and visualization
- Currently, 4D ultrasound is extensively used in the field of ____ and ____ radiology
- The goal of 4D ultrasound is to overcome the limitations posed by its predecessor technology and to be more clinically useful as an imaging tool
- 3D and 4D ultrasounds are optional; They're not a standard ____ test
- Doctors often give them as a ____ to women who want them
- 3D and 4D ultrasounds use ____ ____ to create an image of your baby in your womb
- **What's different** about 3D ultrasounds is that they create a three-dimensional image of your baby
- 4D ultrasounds create a ____ video effect -- it's like a movie. You can watch your baby smile or yawn
**4D Ultrasound**
- Recent developments in 4D ultrasound imaging technology allow clinicians to obtain not only rich visual information but also quantitative data that can be used for diagnosis and treatment
- Advances in ultrasound technology make 4D ultrasound imaging faster and less dependent on the operator's expertise, thus opening up more research possibilities in the fields of data processing and visualization
- Currently, 4D ultrasound is extensively used in the field of obstetrics and interventional radiology
- The goal of 4D ultrasound is to overcome the limitations posed by its predecessor technology and to be more clinically useful as an imaging tool
- 3D and 4D ultrasounds are optional; They're not a standard prenatal test
- Doctors often give them as a courtesy to women who want them
- 3D and 4D ultrasounds use sound waves to create an image of your baby in your womb
- **What's different** about 3D ultrasounds is that they create a three-dimensional image of your baby
- 4D ultrasounds create a live video effect -- it's like a movie. You can watch your baby smile or yawn
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**Key Terms**
1. ____ (AIUM): A ____ professional association dedicated to advancing the safe and effective use of ____ ____ ____
2. ____ (ARDMS): Administers ____ and ____ in various specialties of ultrasound
3. ____ (ASUTS): The ____ organization that was devoted to diagnostic ultrasound which later changed it's name to ____
4. B-Scanner: A ____-dimensional ultrasound image where the echoes are represented by ____ and amplitude of the returned echo determines its ____; More commonly known an 2D mode or Brightness ____
5. Doppler: A type of ultrasound used to primarily evaluate ____ ____ by processing the echoes from ____ structures, such as red blood cells
6. Real-time: An imaging tool that is used to assess and treat real-time ____ ____
7. ____ (SDMS): A professional membership organization founded in 1970 to promote, advance, and ____ its members and the medical community in the science of ____
8. Sonographer: The person performing the ____ ____
9. Sonography: A diagnostic imaging technique which utilizes reflected ____ ____ sound waves to delineate, measure, or examine ____ body structures or organs
10. Technician: A person that works in the field of technology doing practical work and using ____ ____
11. Ultrasound: Sound with frequencies ____ the upper limits of the human ear (greater than ____kHz)
**Key Terms**
1. ____ (AIUM): A multidisciplinary professional association dedicated to advancing the safe and effective use of ultrasound in medicine
2. American Registry of Diagnostic Medical Sonography (ARDMS): Administers examinations and awards credentials in various specialties of ultrasound
3. American Society of Ultrasound Technical Specialists (ASUTS): The first organization that was devoted to diagnostic ultrasound which later changed it's name to SDMS
4. B-Scanner: A 2-dimensional ultrasound image where the echoes are represented by dots and amplitude of the returned echo determines its brightness; More commonly known an 2D mode or Brightness Modulation
5. Doppler: A type of ultrasound used to primarily evaluate blood flow by processing the echoes from moving structures, such as red blood cells
6. Real-time: An imaging tool that is used to assess and treat real-time ultrasound machine
7. Society of Diagnostic Medical Sonography (SDMS): A professional membership organization founded in 1970 to promote, advance, and educate its members and the medical community in the science of DMS
8. Sonographer: The person performing the sonographic examination
9. Sonography: A diagnostic imaging technique which utilizes reflected high frequency sound waves to delineate, measure, or examine internal body structures or organs
10. Technician: A person that works in the field of technology doing practical work and using technical equipment
11. Ultrasound: Sound with frequencies above the upper limits of the human ear (greater than 20kHz)
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What is the difference between an ultrasound technician, an ultrasound technologist, and sonographer?
An ultrasound technician has 6 weeks to 6 months of
education, whereas a sonographer has at least 2 years of education and performs medical sonography. An ultrasound technologist specializes in technology.
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What are the origins and evolution of the society of
Diagnostic Medical Sonography?
Early sonographers Donald Baker, Joan Baker, Marveen Craig and Dr. Joseph Holmes contributed to the development of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM) . They then started a society called the American Society of Ultrasound Technical Specialist (ASUTS). They then changed the term ultrasound technical specialist to sonographer. On September 16, 1980, President Sandra Hagen-Ansert, of the society changed the name (ASUTS) to the Society of Diagnostic Medical Sonographers (SDMS).
