Ch. 1: The History of Diagnostic Medical Sonography and Sonographers Flashcards
What Is Audible Range and Ultrasound Frequency?
- Ultrasound describes sound frequencies ____ (____-) the range of ____ ____ hearing frequency (i.e., ____ hertz [Hz] and ____ Hz (____ kilohertz [kHz])
- Thus ultrasound refers to sound frequencies greater than ____ kHz
- Used in applications such as ____ ____ openers and to detect flaws in ____
- Common use of ultrasound is ____, which can locate objects under water as well as determine the ____.
- Has medical uses in both ____ and ____ applications
What Is Audible Range and Ultrasound Frequency?
- Ultrasound describes sound frequencies beyond (ultra-) the range of normal human hearing frequency (i.e., 20 hertz [Hz] and 20,000 Hz (20 kilohertz [kHz])
- Thus ultrasound refers to sound frequencies greater than 20 kHz
- Used in applications such as automatic door openers and to detect flaws in metals
- Common use of ultrasound is sonar, which can locate objects under water as well as determine the distance.
- Has medical uses in both diagnostic and therapeutic applications
Therapeutic Ultrasound
- Used in ____ and ____ therapy to ____ blood flow to help ____ up the healing process and to create a ____ in the tissues
- Used to treat ____ injuries, back and joint conditions, soft ____ injuries and ____ conditions
- ____ ____ ____ ____
- This is a procedure where high level ultrasound waves are used to shatter ____ ____ ____ so that they are pulverized and can be passed out of the body in the urine
- Ex: ____ can also be used to break up ____ and heel spurs
Therapeutic Ultrasound
- Used in physical and occupational therapy to increase blood flow to help speed up the healing process and to create a warming in the tissues
- Used to treat MSK injuries, back and joint conditions, soft tissue injuries and chronic conditions
- Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy
- This is a procedure where high level ultrasound waves are used to shatter simple kidney stones, so that they are pulverized and can be passed out of the body in the urine
- Ex: Lithotripsy can also be used to break up gallstones and heel spurs
What Is Ultrasound and Sonography?
- Most common use of ultrasound in medicine is ____ ____
- The term ultrasound is very broad and includes both ____ and non-medical uses of sound waves as well as ____ and diagnostic applications in medical applications
- Sonography is the term used to specify the ____ ____ application of ultrasound
- Ultrasonography is a synonym for ____
What Is Ultrasound and Sonography?
- Most common use of ultrasound in medicine is diagnostic ultrasound
- The term ultrasound is very broad and includes both medical and non-medical uses of sound waves as well as therapeutic and diagnostic applications in medical applications
- Sonography is the term used to specify the diagnostic imaging application of ultrasound
- Ultrasonography is a synonym for sonography
What is ultrasound?
What is ultrasound?
- Ultrasound can be used in many forms or variations that are either medical or non-medical. Specifically, It is beyond the range of audible sound which is 20 kHz
What is sonography?
What is sonography?
- Sonography is a form of diagnostic medical Imaging. It is the procedure of producing diagnostic images. Sono, which means sound and graphy, meanings drawing can be combined to form a drawing with sound
Robert Boyle (1660)
- Popularized theory of the ____ ____ ____
- Provided evidence that ____ is necessary for either the production or transmission of ____
Robert Boyle (1660)
- Popularized theory of the elasticity of air
- Provided evidence that air is necessary for either the production or transmission of sound
Sir Isaac Newton (1668)
- Physicist, mathematician , and astronomer
- ____ Theory of Velocity: Sound-pressure pulses transmitted through ____
- Experimented with demonstrating the speed of ____
- Believed ____ made up of tiny particles
Sir Isaac Newton (1668)
- Physicist, mathematician , and astronomer
- Derivation Theory of Velocity: Sound-pressure pulses transmitted through fluid
- Experimented with demonstrating the speed of sound
- Believed light made up of tiny particles
Christiaan Huygens
- Argued that ____ consists of waves derived the laws of ____ and ____
Christiaan Huygens
- Argued that light consists of waves derived the laws of reflection and refraction
Lord Rayleigh English Physicist
- Published “The ____ ____ ____” (1877): The mechanics of a vibrating medium that produces ____(Volume 1) and acoustic
wave ____(Volume 2)
Lord Rayleigh English Physicist
- Published “The Theory of Sound” (1877): The mechanics of a vibrating medium that produces sound (Volume 1) and acoustic
wave propagation (Volume 2)
Sonography is the ____ oldest imaging modality
Sonography is the third oldest imaging modality
What are the three earliest imaging modalities?
- The three earliest imaging modalities are ____, ____ or X-ray, and ____ imaging or nuclear ____. ____ is the ____ oldest imaging modality. Nuclear medicine began as early as the ____’s and radiology began before that making it to be the ____ imaging modality.
What are the three earliest imaging modalities?
- The three earliest imaging modalities are sonography, radiology or X-ray, and nuclear imaging or nuclear medicine. Sonography is the third oldest imaging modality. Nuclear medicine began as early as the 1900’s and radiology began before that making it to be the oldest imaging modality.
Lazzaro Spallanzani (1793)
- ____ Priest-Scientist
- Observed that ____ function efficiently in the ____, even when blinded, they could still function normally
- However, if they were ____, they would not
- He deduced that bats must be able to hear something that humans ____ ____
- Theorized that bats could hear something he could not hear
Lazzaro Spallanzani (1793)
- Italian Priest-Scientist
- Observed that bats function efficiently in the dark, even when blinded, they could still function normally
- However, if they were deafen, they would not
- He deduced that bats must be able to hear something that humans cannot hear
- Theorized that bats could hear something he could not hear
Jacque and Pierre Curie (1880)
- ____ ____: Certain ____ expand and contract slightly when placed in an ____ ____ field
- Reverse ____ allows the same crystal to create an electric potential, making the crystals useful as ____ and sources of sound waves
- Their accomplishments ultimately led to the development of the ____ ____ ____
Jacque and Pierre Curie (1880)
- Piezoelectric effect: Certain crystals expand and contract slightly when placed in an alternating electrical field
- Reverse piezoelectricity allows the same crystal to create an electric potential, making the crystals useful as receivers and sources of sound waves
- Their accomplishments ultimately led to the development of the modern ultrasound transducer
Augustin Fresnel (1818)
- Theorized that light “____” possess the same frequency as their ____ ____ (____-____principle)
- This theory became important for scientists studying ____ when they began to compare the similarities and differences between ____ ____ and ____
Augustin Fresnel (1818)
- Theorized that light “wavelets” possess the same frequency as their original wave (Huygens-Fresnel principle)
- This theory became important for scientists studying acoustics when they began to compare the similarities and differences between light waves and sound waves
Christian Doppler (1842)
- ____ effect: When a source of ____ motion moves, the apparent ____ of the emitted wave changes
Christian Doppler (1842)
- Doppler effect: When a source of wave motion moves, the apparent frequency of the emitted wave changes.
Sir Francis Galton (1883)
- Invented the ____ ____
Sir Francis Galton (1883)
- Invented the ultrasonic whistle
Langevin and Chilowsky
- Used property of ____ ____ waves to detect ____ objects using the ____
- Basis for ____ pulse echo sonar
- Discovered harmful effects of ____
Langevin and Chilowsky
- Used property of echoing sound waves to detect underwater objects using the hydrophone
- Basis for naval pulse echo sonar
- Discovered harmful effects of ultrasound
Floyd Firestone
- Invented the ____, which cleansed metals and detected ____ in metal
Floyd Firestone
- Invented the reflectoscope, which cleansed metals and detected flaws in metal