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Biology Systems > Ch 1 The Cell > Flashcards

Ch 1 The Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

Gene pool

A

Total of all alleles in a population

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2
Q

Evolution

A

Change in a population’s gene pool

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3
Q

Speciation

A

Formation of a new species

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4
Q

Inbreeding

A

Increases number of homozygous individuals in a population without changing the allele frequency

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5
Q

Outbreeding

A

Mating of nonrelatives, maintains genetic flow between populations, does not contribute to speciation

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6
Q

Bottleneck

A

Allergic frequencies of a population are shifted, can lead to speciation

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7
Q

Specialization

A

Process by which members of a species tailor their behaviors to exploit the environment

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8
Q

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

A
  1. Mutational equilibrium
  2. Large population
  3. Random mating
  4. Immigration or emigration must not change the gene pool
  5. No selection for the fittest organism
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9
Q

Mutational equilibrium

A

The rate of forward mutations exactly equals the rate of backward mutations

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10
Q

Genetic drift

A

One allele can be permanently lost due to death of all of the members that have that allele
Happens in small populations

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11
Q

The success of a gene can be measured…

A

As its increase in percent representation in the gene pool of the next generation

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12
Q

Differential reproduction

A

How well an organism can reproduce to contribute its genes to the next generation
May include living beyond reproduction in order to give offspring a better chance to reproduce

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13
Q

Viral particle aka virion

A

Mature virus outside the host cell

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14
Q

Viruses

A
  • contains DNA OR RNA
  • no organelles
  • no nuclei
  • capsid (protein coat)
  • exploits host cells organelles to survive
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15
Q

Virus receptor

A

Specific glycoprotein on the host cell membrane

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16
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Virus that infects a bacteria

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17
Q

Two types of viral infections

A

Lysogenic infection and lytic infection

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18
Q

Lytic viral infection

A

Virus commanders the cell’s synthetic machinery and forms proteins for itself to make new viruses
Cell either lyses (bursts) or releases virsuses in a reverse endocytotic process

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19
Q

Latent period

A

Period from viral infection to lysis

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20
Q

Virulent virus

A

A virus following a lytic cycle

A virus capable of causing disease

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21
Q

Lysogenic viral infection

A

Viral DNA is incorporated into the host genome

22
Q

Temperate virus

A

Virus in a lysogenic cycle

23
Q

Provirus

A

A temperate virus that is dormant or latent

24
Q

Viral envelopes

A

Pinched off pieces of cell membrane as the virus undergoes exocytosis from the cell
Protects virus from detection by the immune system

25
Q

Nonenveloped viruses

A

Lyse and kill a cell upon its release

26
Q

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP)

A

How all RNA viruses replicate

This enzyme synthesizes a new RNA strand from an existing RNA strand

27
Q

+RNA

A

RNA strands that actually code for proteins

28
Q

-RNA

A

RNA strand that doesn’t code for proteins

29
Q

If a virus carries -RNA…

A

It must undergo one replication by RdRP to form +RNA in order to code for proteins

30
Q

Retroviruses

A

Single stranded RNA viruses that transcribe their RNA into double stranded DNA

31
Q

Reverse transcriptase

A

Enzyme that retroviruses use to transcribe their RNA into DNA

32
Q

Subviral particles

A

Infectious agents related to viruses, eg, viroids and prions

33
Q

Viroids

A

Small rings of naked RNA without capsids

34
Q

Three basic bacterial shapes

A

Cocci (spherical)
Bacilli (rod shaped)
Spirilla (spiral shaped)

35
Q

Protoplast

A

Bacterial membrane and everything it contains

36
Q

Cell walls of bacteria are made of

A

peptidoglycan

37
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Series of disaccharide polymer chains with cross linked interbridged amino acids

38
Q

Gram positive bacteria

A
  • thick peptidoglycan cell walls
  • purple
  • cell wall located just outside of cell membrane
39
Q

Periplasmic space

A

Space between plasma membrane and cell wall

Contains many proteins that help the bacteria acquire nutrition, eg, hydrolytic enzymes

40
Q

Gram negative bacteria

A
  • thin walls
  • pink
  • cell wall located between two plasma membranes
  • outer membrane is more permeable than the inner one
  • some have fimbriae or pili
41
Q

Flagella

A

Long hollow rigid helical cylinders made from a globular protein called flagellin

42
Q

Flagellar propulsion

A

Powered by a proton gradient rather than ATP, allows bacteria to move towards food source

43
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Directed movement of bacteria towards substances that promote survival and growth

44
Q

Three forms of bacterial genetic recombination

A

Conjugation
Transformation
Transduction

45
Q

Conjugation

A

Involves the transfer of a plasmid

Requires a sex pilus

46
Q

A bacteria must contain ______ to undergo conjugation

A

A conjugative plasmid which contains the gene for sex pilus

47
Q

Two types of plasmids

A

The F plasmid and the R plasmid

48
Q

F plasmid

A

Fertility factor

Codes the gene for the sex pilus

49
Q

R plasmid

A

Donates resistance to certain antibiotics

50
Q

Transformation

A

Process by which bacteria incorporate DNA from the external environment into their genomes

51
Q

Transduction

A

Transfer of genetic material by a virus

Biology Systems (1 decks)

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