Ch 1 The Cell

Question 1

Gene pool

Answer 1

Total of all alleles in a population

Question 2

Evolution

Answer 2

Change in a population’s gene pool

Question 3

Speciation

Answer 3

Formation of a new species

Question 4

Inbreeding

Answer 4

Increases number of homozygous individuals in a population without changing the allele frequency

Question 5

Outbreeding

Answer 5

Mating of nonrelatives, maintains genetic flow between populations, does not contribute to speciation

Question 6

Bottleneck

Answer 6

Allergic frequencies of a population are shifted, can lead to speciation

Question 7

Specialization

Answer 7

Process by which members of a species tailor their behaviors to exploit the environment

Question 8

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Answer 8

1. Mutational equilibrium
2. Large population
3. Random mating
4. Immigration or emigration must not change the gene pool
5. No selection for the fittest organism

Question 9

Mutational equilibrium

Answer 9

The rate of forward mutations exactly equals the rate of backward mutations

Question 10

Genetic drift

Answer 10

One allele can be permanently lost due to death of all of the members that have that allele
Happens in small populations

Question 11

The success of a gene can be measured…

Answer 11

As its increase in percent representation in the gene pool of the next generation

Question 12

Differential reproduction

Answer 12

How well an organism can reproduce to contribute its genes to the next generation
May include living beyond reproduction in order to give offspring a better chance to reproduce

Question 13

Viral particle aka virion

Answer 13

Mature virus outside the host cell

Question 14

Viruses

Answer 14

• contains DNA OR RNA
• no organelles
• no nuclei
• capsid (protein coat)
• exploits host cells organelles to survive

Question 15

Virus receptor

Answer 15

Specific glycoprotein on the host cell membrane

Question 16

Bacteriophage

Answer 16

Virus that infects a bacteria

Question 17

Two types of viral infections

Answer 17

Lysogenic infection and lytic infection

Question 18

Lytic viral infection

Answer 18

Virus commanders the cell’s synthetic machinery and forms proteins for itself to make new viruses
Cell either lyses (bursts) or releases virsuses in a reverse endocytotic process

Question 19

Latent period

Answer 19

Period from viral infection to lysis

Question 20

Virulent virus

Answer 20

A virus following a lytic cycle

A virus capable of causing disease

Question 21

Lysogenic viral infection

Answer 21

Viral DNA is incorporated into the host genome

Question 22

Temperate virus

Answer 22

Virus in a lysogenic cycle

Question 23

Provirus

Answer 23

A temperate virus that is dormant or latent

Question 24

Viral envelopes

Answer 24

Pinched off pieces of cell membrane as the virus undergoes exocytosis from the cell
Protects virus from detection by the immune system

Question 25

Nonenveloped viruses

Answer 25

Lyse and kill a cell upon its release

Question 26

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP)

Answer 26

How all RNA viruses replicate | This enzyme synthesizes a new RNA strand from an existing RNA strand

Question 27

+RNA

Answer 27

RNA strands that actually code for proteins

Question 28

-RNA

Answer 28

RNA strand that doesn’t code for proteins

Question 29

If a virus carries -RNA...

Answer 29

It must undergo one replication by RdRP to form +RNA in order to code for proteins

Question 30

Retroviruses

Answer 30

Single stranded RNA viruses that transcribe their RNA into double stranded DNA

Question 31

Reverse transcriptase

Answer 31

Enzyme that retroviruses use to transcribe their RNA into DNA

Question 32

Subviral particles

Answer 32

Infectious agents related to viruses, eg, viroids and prions

Question 33

Viroids

Answer 33

Small rings of naked RNA without capsids

Question 34

Three basic bacterial shapes

Answer 34

Cocci (spherical) Bacilli (rod shaped) Spirilla (spiral shaped)

Question 35

Protoplast

Answer 35

Bacterial membrane and everything it contains

Question 36

Cell walls of bacteria are made of

Answer 36

peptidoglycan

Question 37

Peptidoglycan

Answer 37

Series of disaccharide polymer chains with cross linked interbridged amino acids

Question 38

Gram positive bacteria

Answer 38

- thick peptidoglycan cell walls - purple - cell wall located just outside of cell membrane

Question 39

Periplasmic space

Answer 39

Space between plasma membrane and cell wall | Contains many proteins that help the bacteria acquire nutrition, eg, hydrolytic enzymes

Question 40

Gram negative bacteria

Answer 40

- thin walls - pink - cell wall located between two plasma membranes - outer membrane is more permeable than the inner one - some have fimbriae or pili

Question 41

Flagella

Answer 41

Long hollow rigid helical cylinders made from a globular protein called flagellin

Question 42

Flagellar propulsion

Answer 42

Powered by a proton gradient rather than ATP, allows bacteria to move towards food source

Question 43

Chemotaxis

Answer 43

Directed movement of bacteria towards substances that promote survival and growth

Question 44

Three forms of bacterial genetic recombination

Answer 44

Conjugation Transformation Transduction

Question 45

Conjugation

Answer 45

Involves the transfer of a plasmid | Requires a sex pilus

Question 46

A bacteria must contain ______ to undergo conjugation

Answer 46

A conjugative plasmid which contains the gene for sex pilus

Question 47

Two types of plasmids

Answer 47

The F plasmid and the R plasmid

Question 48

F plasmid

Answer 48

Fertility factor | Codes the gene for the sex pilus

Question 49

R plasmid

Answer 49

Donates resistance to certain antibiotics

Question 50

Transformation

Answer 50

Process by which bacteria incorporate DNA from the external environment into their genomes

Question 51

Transduction

Answer 51

Transfer of genetic material by a virus