Ch 1: Terminations Flashcards
Suffix
=ending = termination
A suffix is primary if it is composed of one basic part. Derived suffixes are composed of multiple basic parts.
(Primary) x-ia = an abnormal condition involving x
(Derived) x-os-is = an abnormal condition involving x
x-=ize
verbal termination
to (do the action of) x
to make (something ) x
example: final-ize, to make something final
Primary suffixes: Adjectives
in english most words can be made into adjectives simply by placing them in front of a noun (salad bowl)
Medical dictionaries will regularly use the phase “ pertaining to” p.t. in an similar way
mean
=p.t. x
x-al
Primary suffixes: Adjectives
p.t. x
ex)
nation-al = p.t. a nation
retin-al = p.t the retina crani-al = p.t. the skull cost-al = p.t. the ribs
x-ic
Primary suffixes: Adjectives
p.t. x
ex)
lyc-anthrop-ic = p.t. a lycanthrope (wolf-man)
opthalm-ic = p.t. the eyes thorac-ic = p.t. the chest tympan-ic = p.t. the middle ear
i.e
latin
idas = it is
x-ous
Primary suffixes: Adjectives
p.t. x
ligament-ous = p.t. the ligaments
x-ary
Primary suffixes: Adjectives
p.t. x
urin-ary = p.t. (the) urine
x-ar
Primary suffixes: Adjectives
p.t. x
sol-ar = p.t. the sun (from latin “sol”
x-an
Primary suffixes: Adjectives
p.t. x
medi-an = p.t. the middle
x-ine
Primary suffixes: Adjectives
p.t. x
can-ine = p.t. dogs
x-ac
Primary suffixes: Adjectives
p.t. x
aphrodis-i-ac = p.t. love/ sex (from greeck “aphrodite”)
x-oid
Primary suffixes: Adjectives
resembling x
andr-oid = resembling a man
bacter-oid = remesbling bacteria
there is an -oid for almost anything in med term
x-ia
Primary suffixes: Nouns
an abnormal condition involving x
dactyl-ia = an abnormal condition involving a/the digits(s)
x-ist
Primary suffixes: Nouns
one who (does the action of) x one who specializes in x
dactyl-o-scop-ist = one who _examins_ a/the digit(s) dent-ist = one who specializes in (the) teeth
x-in
Primary suffixes: Nouns
a substance (which does the action) of x cyt-o-tox-in = a substance which poisons cells
Primary suffixes: Nouns
unpredictable noun endings`
- e
- is
- ism
- s
- y
x-it-is
Derived suffixes: Diagnostic terminations
the inflammation of x
laryng-oid-it-is = the inflammation of something resembling the larynx
laryng-oid-it-ic = p.t. the inflammation of something resembling the larynx
Note the existence of adjectival forms =( something resembling) of these noun suffixes
x-o-rrhex-is
Derived suffixes: Diagnostic terminations
the rupturing of x (if x can be ruptured)
the rupturing of something involving x (if x cannot be ruptured)
=> if in doubt, assume that x can be ruptured
arthr-al-o-rrhex-is = the rupturing of something p.t. a/the joint(s)
arthr-al-o-rrhect-ic = p.t. the rupturing of something p.t. a/the joint(s)
x-o-schis-is
Derived suffixes: Diagnostic terminations
the splitting of x
=> note that this can also refer to the presence of a cleft
crani-o-schis-is = the splitting of the skull
crani-o-schist-ic = p.t. the splitting of the skull
crani-osch-it-ic = p.t. the inflammation (1.14) of the scrotum, involving the skull
x-ias-is
Derived suffixes: Diagnostic terminations
the abnormal presence of x
cran-ias-is = the abnormal presence of something involving the skull
can-iast-ic = p.t. the abnormal presence of dogs
=> Note that while -iasis usually forms adjectives of the form -iastic, the alternate form -iasic is also found. (e.g. lithiasic)
x-ias-is
Derived suffixes: Diagnostic terminations
The abnormal presence of x
x-o-path-ias-is
=the abnormal presence of a disease of x
while it may seem redundant, such formations do exist. The termination i-asis is sometimes used as an intensifier, in this case indicating that the disease of x in question is very bad
x-o-clas-is
Derived suffixes: Diagnostic terminations
the breaking of x
icon-o-clas-is = the breaking of images
icon-o-clast-ic = p.t. the breaking of images
x-os-is
Derived suffixes: Diagnostic terminations
an abnormal condition involving x
neur-os-is = an abnormal condition involving (a/the) nerve(s)
neur-ot-ic = p.t. an abnormal condition involving (a/the) nerve(s)
=> note that there sis no difference in the meaning between (e.g) “neurosis” and “neuria”
=> x-ia = x-osis
x-otiasis
Derived suffixes: Diagnostic terminations
=> -otiasis = osis + iasis
psych-ot-iasis = the abnormal presence of an abnormal condition involving the mind
x-o-necrot-os-is
an abnormal condition involving the death of x
=> Note that whatever immediately precedes the suffix -osis does not necessarily itself have an abnormal condition (as in this example, death itself), hence we speak of a condition “involving” x rather than a condition “of” x
x-o-path-y
Derived suffixes: Diagnostic terminations
a disease of x
psych-o-path-y = a disease of the mid
psych-o-path-ic = p.t. a disease of the mind
x-o-megal-y
Derived suffixes: Diagnostic terminations
the enlargement of x
crani-o-megal-y = the enlargement of the skull
crani-o-megal-ic = p.t. the enlargment of the skull
crani-al-o-megal-ic = p.t. the enlargement of something p.t. the skull
x-o-phag-y
Derived suffixes: Diagnostic terminations
the ingestion of x
= x-o- phag-ia
x-o-phag-ist = one who ingests/ eats x
or = one who specializes in (i.e. studies/ treats) the ingestion of x
x-o-genes-is
Derived suffixes: Diagnostic terminations
the production of x
x-o-genet-ic = p.t.. the production of x
x-o-poies-is
Derived suffixes: Diagnostic terminations
the formation of x
x-o-poiet-ic = p.t. the formation of x
x-o-kinesis
Derived suffixes: Diagnostic terminations
the movement of x
x-o-kinet-is = p.t the movement of x
(yet we speak of kinesiology and not kinetiology)
Terminations that end in -ia and -osis
the endings should simply be thought of as parts of the terminations. They should not be translated with the phrase “an abnormal condition”
x-algia
Derived suffixes: Diagnostic terminations
pain in/involving x
brachi-algia = pain in an/the arm(s)
=> if pain can be felt there, say pain “in” x
brachi-o-kinet-algia = pain involving the movement of an/the arm(s)
=> otherwise, say pain “involving” x
x-odynia
Derived suffixes: Diagnostic terminations
pain in/involving x
x-o-plegia
Derived suffixes: Diagnostic terminations
the paralysis of x
=> if x cannot be paralyzed (i.e.) cannot suffer a complete or partial loss of function), then say “the paralysis of something involving x” instead
x-o-penia
Derived suffixes: Diagnostic terminations
a deficiency of x
leuk-o-penia = a deficiency of white things (i.e. of white blood cells)
x-o-rrhagia
Derived suffixes: Diagnostic terminations
the rapid flowing of (something from) x
hem-o-rrhage = the rapid flowing of blood
=> note the alternate ending -e
crani-o-rrhagic = p.t. the rapid flowing of something from the skull
=> the skull itself doesn’t flow, hence “something from” the skull flows instead in this example.
x-o-malacia
Derived suffixes: Diagnostic terminations
the softening of x
oste-o-malacia = the softening of a/the bone(s)
x-o-necrosis
Derived suffixes: Diagnostic terminations
the death of x
=> (x often refers to tissue)
rhin-o-necrosis = the death of the nose
x-o-stenosis
Derived suffixes: Diagnostic terminations
the narrowing of x
arteri-o-stenosis = the narrowing of an/ the artery/ arteries
arteri-o-stenotic = p.t. the narrowing of an/the artery/arteries
x-o-sclerosis
Derived suffixes: Diagnostic terminations
the hardening of x
crani-o-sclerosis = the hardening of the skull
crani-o-sclerot-osis = an abnormal condition involving the hardening of the skull
x-o-ptosis
Derived suffixes: Diagnostic terminations
the downward displacement of x
blephar-o-ptosis = the downward displacement of an/the eyelid(s)
x-o-rrhea
Derived suffixes: Diagnostic terminations
The flowing of (something from) x
crani-o-rrhea = the flowing of something from the skull
x-edema
Derived suffixes: Diagnostic terminations
the swelling of x
x-edematous = p.t. the swelling of x
the difference between (inflammation) and (swelling) is that swelling is a _symptom of inflammaiton
x-o-cele
Derived suffixes: Diagnostic terminations
the protrusion of (something through) x
crani-o-cele = the protrusion of the skull
=> in general, if x can protrude, say “the protrusion of x”
=> if x cannot protrude, say “the protrusion of something through x”
x-o-lith
Derived suffixes: Diagnostic terminations
a calculus in/involving x
a calculus is often called a “stone” in English. Calculus is simply “little stone” in Latin. Calculi is its plural form.
the formation of calculi is called lithiasis
lith-iasis = the abnormal presence of calculi
Terminations in -ia and -y
-ia nd -y are often interchangeable in diagnostic terminations
these endings in -ia should simply be thought of as parts of the termination. They should not be translated with the phrase “an abnormal condition”
x-ectopia
Derived suffixes: Diagnostic terminations
the displacement of x
laryng-ectopia = the displacement of the larynx
x-o-plasia
Derived suffixes: Diagnostic terminations
the formation of x
note that -plasia is used much more frequently than -poiesis
x-o-dystrophy
Derived suffixes: Diagnostic terminations
the defective growth of x
muscul-o-dystrophy = the defective growth of a/the muscle(s)
muscul-ar dystrophy = the defective growth p.t. a/the muscle(s)
muscul-ar-o-dystrophy = the defective growth of something p.t. a./the muscle(s)
x-atrophy
Derived suffixes: Diagnostic terminations
the lack of growth of x
crani-atroph-ic = p.t. the lack of growth of the skull
crani-o-trophy = the growth/ nourishment of the skull
x-asthenia
Derived suffixes: Diagnostic terminations
the lack of strength of x
my-asthenia = the lack of strength of a/the muscle(s)
x-o-cele
Derived suffixes: Diagnostic terminations
Derived suffixes: Diagnostic terminations
this termination has no adjectival/combining form of its own
however, there is a combining form heri-o, made adjectival as heri-al, which has the same meaning.
Derived terminations ending in -ia usually form adjectives in -ic
ex) dactylectopia => dactelectopic
however, the primary termination -ia cannot be made into an adjective.
ex) “dactylia” cannot become an adjective, but the synonymous “dactylosis” can become the adjective “dactylotic”
interchangeable diagnostic terminations
- ia
- is
- y
- esis
exclusively to diagnostic terminations
Derived suffixes: Therapeutic Terminations
diagnostic terminations refer to medical problems (among other things) while therapeutic terminations refer to medical treatment of such problems.
since they concern treatment, therapeutic terminations never refer to procedures that would deliberately kill a patient. In contrast, diagnostic terminations may describe deadly conditions.
this must be reflected in our definitions of terms, e.g. craniectomy = the cutting out of something involving (not the fatal “cutting out of the skull” itself).
x-o-theraphy
Derived suffixes: Therapeutic Terminations
treatment by means of x
chem-o-therapy=- treatment by means of chemicals
x-o-stasis
Derived suffixes: Therapeutic Terminations
the stopping of x
therm-o-stasis = the stopping of heat
home-o-stasis = the stopping of something involving sameness
x-o-plasty
Derived suffixes: Therapeutic Terminations
the surgical repairing of x
cub-o-plasis = the formation of a cube
cub-o-plasty = the surgical repairing of acube
cub-o-plast-ic
=> p.t. the formation of a cube
=> p.t. the surgical repairing of a cube
x-o-centesis
Derived suffixes: Therapeutic Terminations
the surgical puncturing of x
amni-o-centesis= the surgical puncturing of amnion (i.e. of the amniotic sack/ fluid)
x-o-tomy
Derived suffixes: Therapeutic Terminations
the cutting of x
tonsill-o-tomy = the cutting of a./the tonsil(s)
x-ectomy
Derived suffixes: Therapeutic Terminations
the cutting out of x
tonsill-ectomy = the cutting out of a/the tonsil(s)
x-o-stomy
Derived suffixes: Therapeutic Terminations
the making of an opening in x
crani-o-stom-ize = to make an opening in the skull
(-ize)
crani-o-stom-ist = one who makes an opening in the skull
(-ist)
x-ics
Derived suffixes: Therapeutic Terminations
the science of x
x-ics + x-ist
=> x-icist
Derived suffixes: Therapeutic Terminations
one who specializes in the science of x
crani-o-genet-icist = one who specializes in the science of the production of the skull
x-o-logy
Derived suffixes: Therapeutic Terminations
the study of x
bi-o-logy = the study of life
bi-o-log-ic = p.t. the study of life
bi-o-log-ic-al = p.t. something p.t. the study of life
=> in practice there is no difference in the meaning between biologic and biological and other such terms, however this is not the case in every day language is in the case of economic and economical
crani-o-mega-logy = the study of the enlargement of the skull
=> we might expect the spelling of craniomegalology, but avoid it because it is awkward
x-o-scopy
Derived suffixes: Therapeutic Terminations
the examination of x
crani-atroph-ic-o-scopy = the examination of something p.t. the lack of growth of the skull
x-o-graphy
Derived suffixes: Therapeutic Terminations
the recording of x
x-o-graph
Derived suffixes: Therapeutic Terminations
an instrument for recording x
crani-atroph-ic-o-graph = an instrument for recording something p.t. the lack of growth of the skull
x-o-pexy
Derived suffixes: Therapeutic Terminations
the adhesion of x (diagnostic)
the fixation of x (therapeutic)
x-o-lysis
Derived suffixes: Therapeutic Terminations
the disintegration of x (diagnostic)
the separation of the adhesions of x (therapeutic)
x-o-trophism
Derived suffixes: Therapeutic Terminations
the tendency to preferentially affect x (diagnostic or therapeutic)
x-o-phage
Derived suffixes: Therapeutic Terminations
something (or a cell) which ingest x
x-o-tome
Derived suffixes: Therapeutic Terminations
an instrument for cutting x
x-o-tom-ic
=> usually means p.t. the cutting of x rather than p.t. an instrument for cutting of x
x-extome
Derived suffixes: Therapeutic Terminations
an instrument for cutting out x
x-o-scope
Derived suffixes: Therapeutic Terminations
an instrument for examining x
x-o-genic
Special Adjectives
producing x
=> not p.t the production of x
carcin-o-genic = producing cancer
x-o-genous
Special Adjectives
produced by x
=> not p.t. something produced by x
carnin-o-genous = produced by cancer
x-o-trophic
p.t. the growth/ nourishment of x
Specify the adjectival/combining form!
x-iasis
x-iasis (x-iast-ic)
Specify the adjectival/combining form!
x-o-phagy
x-o-phagy (x-o-phag-ous)
Specify the adjectival/combining form!
x-o-genesis
x-o-genesis (x-o-genet-ic)
Specify the adjectival/combining form!
x-algia
x-algia (x-alg-ic)
Specify the adjectival/combining form!
x-o-rrhexis
x-o-rrhexis (x-o-rrhect-ic)
Specify the adjectival/combining form!
x-o-schisis
x-o-schisis (x-o-schist-ic)
Specify the adjectival/combining form!
x-edema
x-edema (x-edemat-ous)
Specify the adjectival/combining form!
x-o-malacia
x-o-malacia (x-o-malac-ic)
Specify the adjectival/combining form!
x-o-stenosis
x-o-stenosis (x-o-stenot-ic)
Specify the adjectival/combining form!
x-agra
x-agra (x-agr-al)
Specify the adjectival/combining form!
x-o-plasia
x-o-plasia (x-o-plast-ic)
Specify the adjectival/combining form!
x-ectopia
x-ectopia (x-ectop-ic)
Specify the adjectival/combining form!
x-o-dysplasia
x-o-dysplasia (x-odysplast-ic)
Specify the adjectival/combining form!
x-ectasia
x-ectasia (x-ectat-ic)
craniomalacize
crani-o-malac-ize – to soften the skull
craniomegalia
crani-o-megalia – the enlargement of the skull
craniedematous
crani-edemat-ous – p.t. the swelling of the skull
craniostenotic
crani-o-stenot-ic – p.t. the narrowing of the skull
craniopenia
crani-o-penia – a deficiency of something involving the skull
craniolithiasis
crani-o-lith-iasis – the abnormal presence of a calculus
in(volving) the skull
craniosclerotogenetic
crani-o-sclerot-o-genet-ic – p.t. the production of the
hardening of the skull
laryngodynia
laryng-odynia – pain in the larynx
laryngostomin
laryng-o-stom-in – a substance that makes an opening in
the larynx
laryngostomize
laryng-o-stom-ize – to make an opening in the larynx
laryngostomist
laryng-o-stom-ist – one who makes an opening in the larynx
laryngorrheic
laryng-o-rrhe-ic – p.t. the flowing of something from the
larynx
laryngorrheogenesis
laryng-o-rrhe-o-genesis – the production of the flowing of
something from the larynx
neuredematodysplastic
neur-edemat-o-dysplast-ic – p.t. the defective
formation of something involving the swelling of
the nerves
craniototrophic laryngectopodynia
crani-ot-o-troph-ic laryng-ectop-odynia – pain
involving the displacement of the larynx, p.t. the
growth/nourishment of something involving an
abnormal condition involving the skull
look at
ch 1 part 2,
Specify the adjectival/combining form practice, and intro to latin
