Ch 1 Structure and Function of Body Systems Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
axial skeleton
A
skull, backbone, ribs and sternum
2
Q
appendicular skeleton
A
shoulder girdle, arms, wrists, hands, pelvic girdle, legs, ankles, and feet
3
Q
fibrous joints
A
non moving bone structures
4
Q
cartilaginous joints
A
joints w/ limited movement
5
Q
synovial joints
A
joints w/ considerable movement
6
Q
hyaline cartilage
A
covers articulating bone ends
7
Q
synovial fluid
A
capsule that encloses the joint
8
Q
uniaxial joints
A
act like hinges by rotating on 1 axis
9
Q
biaxial joints
A
allow movement on 2 perpendicular planes
10
Q
multiaxial joints
A
allow movement in al 3 perpendicular axes of space
11
Q
vertebral column
A
made up of vertebrae separated by flexible discs
12
Q
epimysium
A
fibrous connective tissue that covers the skeletal muscles
13
Q
tendon
A
pulls on the bone when the muscle contracts
14
Q
proximal
A
closer to the trunk of the body
15
Q
distal
A
farther from the trunk of the body
16
Q
superior
A
closer to the head of the body
17
Q
inferior
A
closer to the feet of the body
18
Q
muscle fibers
A
muscle cells
19
Q
fasciculi
A
bundles of muscle fibers
20
Q
perimysium
A
connective tissue that surrounds the fasciculi
21
Q
endomysium
A
connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber
22
Q
sarcolemma
A
muscle fiber’s membrane
23
Q
motor neuron
A
nerve cell
24
Q
neuromuscular junction
A
junction between a motor neuron and the muscle fiber it innervates
25
sarcoplasm
cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
26
myofibrils
located in the sarcoplasm of the muscle fiber and contains the apparatus that contracts the muscle cell
27
myofilament
next smallest unit of a muscle fiber
28
myosin
thick myofilament
29
actin
thin myofilament
30
crossbridge
where a pair of myosin filaments interact w/ actin
31
sarcomere
smallest contractile unit of skeletal muscle
32
A-band
dark part of myofilament that corresponds w/ the alignment of the myosin
33
I-band
light part of myofilament that corresponds w/ the area in 2 adjacent sarcomeres that contain only actin filaments
34
Z-line
the middle of the I-band that appears as a thin dark line running longitudinally
35
H-zone
area in the center of the sarcomere where only myosin filaments are present
36
sarcoplasmic reticulum
an intricate system of tubules that is parallel to and surrounds each myofibril and terminates at the vesicles in the vicinity of the Z-lines
37
T-tubules
transverse tubules that run perpendicular to the sarcoplasmic reticulum and terminate in the vicinity of the Z-line between 2 vesicles
38
action potential
electrical nerve impulse
39
sliding-filament theory
states that the actin filaments at each end of the sarcomere slide inward on myosin filaments pulling the Z-line toward the center of the sarcomere thus shortening the muscle fiber
40
troponin
a protein that is situated at regular intervals along the actin filament and has a high affinity for calcium ions
41
tropomyosin
protein molecule that runs along the length of the actin filament in the grove of the double helix
42
power stroke
pulling action of z-line toward the center of the muscle fiber due to actin sliding inward on myosin
43
acetylcholine
neurotransmitter released due to AP that diffuses across the neuromuscular junction an excited the sarcolemma causing the muscle fiber to contract
44
all or none principle
states that a motor neuron stimulus can't cause only some of the fibers to contract and a stronger AP can't produce a stronger contractions
45
twitch
a brief contaction
46
tetanus
when twitches begin to merge and eventually fuse
47
slow twitch fiber
develops force and release slowly producing a long twitch time
48
fast twitch fiber
develops force and relaxes quickly producing a short twitch time
49
type I fiber
slow-twitch fiber
50
type IIa fiber
fast-twitch fiber
51
type IIx fiber
fast-twitch fibers
52
proprioceptors
specialized sensory receptors located within joints, muscles and tendons
53
muscle spindles
proprioceptors made of several modified muscle fibers enclosed in a sheath of connective tissue
54
intrafusal fibers
the modified fibers in muscle spindles
55
extrafusal fibers
the normal fibers in muscle spindles
56
golgi tendon organs
proprioceptors located in tendons near the myotendinous junction and are in series w/ extrafusal muscle fibers; they inhibit muscle activation
57
atria
upper chambers of heart that deliver blood to the ventricles
58
ventricles
lower chambers of heart that pump blood through the body
59
tricuspid valve
1 of the AV valves
60
mitral valve
1 of the AV valves
61
atrioventricular valves
prevent flow of blood from ventricles to atria during systole
62
systole
ventricular contraction
63
aortic valve
one of the semilunar valves
64
pulmonary valve
one of the semilunar valves
65
semilunar valves
prevents back flow from aorta and pulmonary arteries into ventricles during diastole
66
diastole
ventricular relaxation
67
sinoatrial node node
intrinsic pacemaker of heart
68
atrioventricular node
slightly delayed impulse that signals for blood to be passed into the ventricles
69
AV bundle
conducts impulses to ventricles
70
LBB, RBB, and Purkinje fibers
conducts impulses to ventricles
71
myocardium
heart muscle
72
sympathetic nervous system
accelerates depolarization of the SA node making the heart beat faster
73
parasympathetic nervous system
slows rate of SA d/c slowing HR
74
bradycardia
<60 BPM
75
tachycardia
>100 BPM
76
ECG
graph of electrical activity of heart
77
P-wave
records electrical depolarization of atria
78
QRS complex
records electrical depolarization of ventricles
79
depolarization
reversal of membrane electrical potential
80
T-wave
caused by electrical potential generated as ventricles recover from depolarization
81
repolarization
represented in ventricles by T-waves
82
arterial system
carries blood away from the heart
83
venous system
returns blood toward heart
84
arteries
transports pumped blood from heart to body
85
arterioles
small branches of arteries where blood enters capillaries from
86
capillaries
facilitates exchanges of O2, fluid, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones and other substances between the blood and interstitial fluid in the body tissue
87
venules
collect blood from capillaries and gradually converge into progressively larger veins
88
veins
transport blood from body back to heart
89
hemoglobin
iron protein molecule that transports O2 and acts as an acid-base buffer which helps regulate rate of chemical rxn in cells
90
red blood cells
helps remove O2 from body and blood
91
trachea
1st generation respiratory passage
92
bronchi
2nd generation respiratory passage
93
bronchioles
3rd generation respiratory passage
94
pleural pressure
the pressure in the narrow space between the lung pleura and the chest wall pleura
95
pleura
membranes enveloping the lungs and lining of the chest
96
alveolar pressure
pressure inside the alveoli when the glottis is open and no air is flowing into or out of the lungs
97
diffusion
random motion of molecules moving in opposite directions through the alveolar capillary membrane
