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Unit 1 AP and Chem > CH 1 Structural and Functional Organization of the Human Body > Flashcards

CH 1 Structural and Functional Organization of the Human Body Flashcards

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1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

The science of structure and the relationships among structures of the human body.

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2
Q

What is physiology?

A

The science of body functions or how the body parts work.

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3
Q

The structures of the human body are organized into how many levels?

A

6

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4
Q

What are the six levels the body is divided into?

A

Chemical (Letter)
Cellular (Word)
Tissue (Sentence)
Organ (Paragraph)
System (Chapter)
Organismal (Book)

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5
Q

What level includes atoms, the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions, and molecules?

A

Chemical level

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6
Q

At which level do molecules combine to form structures?

A

Cellular level

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7
Q

What are the basic structural and functional units of an organism?

A

Cells

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8
Q

What are the different types of cells?

A

muscle cells, nerve cells, and blood cells.

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9
Q

Cells contains specialized structures called what?

A

Organelles

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10
Q

what are the organelles that cells contain?

A

nucleus, mitochondria, and lysosomes

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11
Q

What are groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together?

A

Tissues

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12
Q

What are the four basic types of tissue in your body?

A

Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, and nervous tissue.

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13
Q

What is a layer around the outside of the stomach that protects it and reduces friction when the stomach moves and rubs against other organs.

A

The serous membrane

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14
Q

Underneath the serous membrane are the smooth muscle tissue layers which contract to churn and mix food and push it on to the next digestive organ. What is the next organ in the digestive system?

A

The small intestine

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15
Q

What is the innermost lining of the stomach, which contributes fluid and chemicals that aid digestion?

A

The epithelial tissue

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16
Q

What is a system that consists of related organs that have a common function?

A

The system level

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17
Q

What level works together to maintain health, protect against disease, and allow for the reproduction of the species?

A

System level

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18
Q

What is the largest level of organization in which all systems of the body combine to form the human organism?

A

Organismal level

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19
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of relatively stable conditions is called homeostasis

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20
Q

What body systems control homeostasis/homeostatic mechanisms?

A

The nervous and endocrine systems.

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21
Q

What does Homeostasis ensure within the body?

A

That the body’s internal environment remains steady despite changes inside and outside the body.

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22
Q

How is Homeostasis dynamic?

A

It can change over a narrow range that is compatible with maintaining cellular life processes.

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23
Q

What are the smallest blood vessels in the body?

A

Blood capillaries

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24
Q

What removes nutrients and oxygen from and release their wastes into interstitial fluid.

A

Cells

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25
Q

What can result from a prolonged high blood glucose level?

A

Can damage blood vessels and cause excessive loss of water in the urine.

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26
Q

A low blood glucose level may lead to what?

A

Unconsciousness or even death.

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27
Q

In reference to homeostatic mechanisms, what system detects changes from the balanced state and sends messages in the form of nerve impulses to organs that can counteract the change.

A

The nervous system

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28
Q

In reference to homeostatic mechanisms, what system corrects changes by secreting molecules called hormones into the blood.

A

The endocrine system

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29
Q

Homeostasis is maintained by means of many what?

A

feedback systems

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30
Q

What is a cycle of events in which a condition in the body is continually monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated?

A

A feedback system or feedback loop

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31
Q

What are body conditions that are monitored to maintain homeostasis.

A

Controlled conditions

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32
Q

What are examples of Controlled conditions?

A

body temperature, blood pressure, or blood glucose level

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33
Q

What is any disruption that causes a change in a controlled condition?

A

a stimulus

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34
Q

What occurs when the disruption of homeostasis is mild and temporary?

A

The responses of body cells quickly restore balance in the internal environment.

35
Q

In what situation is homeostasis intense and prolonged?

A

poisoning, overexposure to temperature extremes, severe infection, or death of a loved one.

36
Q

What three components make up a feedback system?

A

1.Reeceptor
2.Control Center
3. Effector

37
Q

What is a Receptor?

A

a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends information called the input to a control center.

38
Q

In what form do impulses occur in the body?

A

Input is in the form of nerve impulses or chemical signals (hormones).

39
Q

What are chemical signals also known as?

A

Hormones

40
Q

What is the control center?

A

a control center in the body, for example, the brain, sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands

41
Q

What is output?

A

information, in the form of nerve impulses or chemical signals, that is relayed from the control center to an effector.

42
Q

What is an effector?

A

an effector is a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response that changes the controlled condition.

43
Q

What reverses a change in a controlled condition in order to maintain homeostasis.

A

A negative feedback system

44
Q

What tends to regulate conditions in the body that are held fairly stable over long periods?

A

Negative feedback systems

45
Q

What are examples of negative feedback systems?

A

BP, blood glucose level, and body temperature.

46
Q

Most feedback systems are what?

A

Negative

47
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

the force exerted by blood as it presses against the walls of blood vessels.

48
Q

What are pressure-sensitive nerve cells that send nerve impulse to the brain?

A

Baroreceptors

49
Q

What type of feedback system tends to strengthen or reinforce a change in of the body’s controlled conditions?

A

positive feedback systems

50
Q

What are examples of positive feedback systems?

A

childbirth, ovulation, and blood clotting.

51
Q

How long does a positive feedback system continue?

A

until it is interrupted by some mechanism, or it must be shut off by some event outside the system, or the results could be destructive or deadly.

52
Q

What happens if a positive feedback system is not stopped?

A

it can “run away” and produce life-threatening changes in the body.

53
Q

Describe the anatomical position.

A

In the anatomical position, the subject stands erect facing the observer, with the head level and the eyes facing forward.

The lower limbs (legs) are parallel and the feet are flat on the floor and directed forward. The upper limbs (arms) are at the sides with the palms turned forward.

the body is upright.

54
Q

Define Prone

A

the body is lying face down

55
Q

Define Supine

A

the body is lying face up

56
Q

What are the major body regions the body can be divided into?

A

Head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, lower limbs

57
Q

Define Superior

A

toward the head, or the upper part of a structure.

58
Q

What are additional terms for superior?

A

cephalic or cranial

59
Q

Define Inferior

A

away from the head or lower part of a structure.

60
Q

What is another term for inferior?

A

Caudal

61
Q

Define Anterior

A

Nearer to or at the front of the body.

62
Q

What is another term for anterior?

A

Ventral

63
Q

Define Posterior

A

nearer to or at the back of the body.

64
Q

What is another term for posterior?

A

dorsal

65
Q

Define Medial

A

nearer to the midline or midsagittal plane.

66
Q

Define Lateral

A

farther from the midline or midsagittal plane.

67
Q

Define Proximal

A

nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the point of origin or the beginning.

68
Q

Define Distal

A

farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the point of origin or the beginning.

69
Q

Define Superficial

A

toward or on the surface of the body.

70
Q

Define Deep

A

away from the surface of the body.

71
Q

What are Body planes?

A

imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts

72
Q

What are Sections?

A

cuts made along planes.

73
Q

How many planes does the body have?

A

4

74
Q

What are the four planes of the body?

A

Sagittal, frontal, transverse, and oblique.

75
Q

What is the Sagittal plane?

A

a vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides.

76
Q

What is the Midsagittal plane?

A

when such a plane passes through the midline of the body or organ and divides it into equal right and left sides.

77
Q

What is a Parasagittal plane?

A

if the sagittal plane does not pass through the midline but instead divides the body or an organ into unequal right and left sides.

78
Q

What is the Frontal plane or coronal plane?

A

divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.

79
Q

What is a Transverse plane?

A

divides the body or an organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.

80
Q

What planes are all at right angles to one another?

A

Sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes

80
Q

What is another term for a transverse plane?

A

cross-sectional or horizontal plane.

80
Q

What is another term for a transverse plane?

A

cross-sectional or horizontal plane.

81
Q

What is an Oblique plane?

A

passes through the body or an organ at an angle between the transverse plane or a sagittal plane or between the transverse plane and the frontal plane.

82
Q

Define body cavities.

A

Spaces within the body that contain, protect, separate, and support internal organs.

Unit 1 AP and Chem (3 decks)

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