Ch-1-sg Flashcards
biology definition
the study of life
structural hierarchy order (simple to complex)
atom,molecule,organelle,cell, tissue,organ, organism
how can the properties of life emerge from complex organization
through the concept of “emergent properties,” where new characteristics arise when individual components interact within a system, creating abilities that are not present in the individual parts alone
order definition
highly organized structure that has one or more cells
reproduction definition
duplicating DNA then dividing it equally
growth and development definition
genes provide instructions to direct cellular growth and development
response to environment definition
how organisms adjust to changes in their environment, or how a group or community reacts to environmental issues
energy utilization (metabolism) definition
the process by which living organisms convert nutrients from food into usable energy
homeostasis definition
ability of an organism to maintain constant internal conditions
evolutionary adaption definition
as the environment changes, the characteristics of individuals in a population tracks the changes
Reductionism definition
idea that complex issues can be broken down into parts
understood in simple terms
holism definition
idea that systems should be viewed as a whole
cell theory (tenets - beliefs)
States living organisms are made of cells which are the basic
units of structure function in organisms
*all cells only come from other cells
Prine of biogenesis
new living organisms
can only emerge from pre existing organisms for reproduction
Prokaryotic cells (bacteria archaea) characteristics
DNA is circular naked
No nucleus
Not membrane bound
has binary fission
Single chromosome haploid
Eukaryotic cells (eukarya) kingdoms + traits of each
Kingdoms: plantae - photosynthesis , fungi-absorb nutrients, animalia-digest
*all are multicellular
Eukaryotic cells (eukarya) characteristics
DNA bound to protein
Has nucleus also a kingdom
Membrane bound
Mitosis and meosis
Chromosomes pair diploid
proist definition
single celled amoebas microscopic organisms
*also a kingdom
DNA definition
Structure of DNA is 2 polynucleotide double helix
Held together by 4 molecular building blocks (AGCT)
Info flows through gens w molecules of DNA
Form fits function
When an organisms structure is
designed to perform particular function
ex: corals cant move but tentacles allow coral to capture food
species definition
group of organisms that are genetically related
population definition
group of organisms of the same species that
live in the same area
community definition
group of populations of different species that live in the same area
ecosystem definition and ex
community of living organisms and the non living
aspects of their environment
ex : water and air
Biome definition
large ecological area with unsimilar climate conditions +
organisms are adapted to those conditions
Biosphere definition
combinations of all ecosystems on earth
nutrient cycling
movement of nutrients between living
organisms and nonliving materials
producers ->consumers ->producers
Energy flow
flow of energy from sun to producers
to consumers It is unidirectional and noncyclic
How does regulatory mechanisms control reaction?
by helping maintain a stable internal environment
evolution
process where genetic material of
population changes over time (results from environment)
science def
set of logical empirical methods
which provide for the systematic observation of empirical
Phenomena in order to understand them
scientific method steps
observation ,question, hypothesis,prediction,test
inductive reasoning
Starts w/ observation seeks
patterns which are then used to develop theories
deductive reasoning
Starts w/ theory and uses it to develop
hypothesis which are then tested w/ data
Empirical Evidence
Info gathered through observation
documentation or experiments
scientific hypothesis
Info gathered through observation
documentation or experiments
scientific theory
well supported explanation that
has been tested repeatedly
What are the 10 themes of life?
- Emergent Properties
- The Cell
- Hertitable Information
- Structure/Function
- Interaction with the Environment
- Regulation
- Unity and Diversity
- Evolution
- Scientific inquiry
- Science, Technology, and Society
emergent properties
each hierarchical level has new properties
that build on previous ones
the cell
basic unit of structure and function prok. and euak.
heritable info
continuity of life depends on hierarchical traits
structure and function
correlated all levels of organization
Interaction w/ the environment
organisms exchange materials w/ surroundings (living and nonliving things)
Regulation
organisms are homeostatic maintain steady
internal factors
unity and diversity
life has 3 domains Bacteria ,Archaea, and Eukarya. the more 2 species are related the more
traits they share
scientific inquiry
includes observation based discovery testing
of explanations
science, tech, and society
much technology is a goal oriented
application of science
Caul linnaeus (taxonomy) created a system and classify name
organisms
how did this influence darwin?
provided a structured way to organize and compare species;
helped seeing the relationship b/t them
How are science and technology interdependent
Scientific discoveries lead to new tech
new tech allows for new scientific observations
James Hutton (gradualism) suggest earths landscapes were
shaped slowly over long periods
how did this influence darwin?
helped him understand changes in nature happen gradually
supporting theory abt evolution
Cuvier (paleontology/ catastrophism) studied fossils and
proposed species went extinct due to sudden events
how did this influence darwin?
made darwin think abt extinction how species might change
disappear overtime
Lyell (uniformitarianism) argued earths geological
processes are consistent overtime and operate at the same rate today
how did this influence darwin?
Earth’s features are shaped by ongoing processes gradual
evolution process
Malthus (population dynamics) population grows faster than
resources leading to competition for survival
how did this influence darwin?
Introduced concept of “struggle” for existence equal natural selection
Lamarck (acquired characteristics) proposed traits acquired
during an organisms life can be passed to offspring
how did this influence darwin?
This idea was disproved but it made Darwin develop his
own theory of natural selection which explained
evolution differently
