Ch 1 Powerpoint

Question 0

Social solidarity

Answer 0

-The degree to which group members share beliefs and values and the intensity and frequency of their interaction

Question 1

Sociology

Answer 1

-The systematic study if human behavior in social context

Question 2

Sociological explanation of suicide

Answer 2

• Emile Durkheim showed that suicide rates are strongly influenced by social forces.
• Durkheim argued suicide rates vary because of differences in the degree of social solidarity in different groups

Question 3

Altruistic suicide

Answer 3

• occurs when norms tightly govern behavior so individual actions are often in the group interest
  
  • Ex. When soldiers knowingly give up their lives to protect members of their unit

Question 4

Egoistic suicide

Answer 4

• Results from a lack of integration of the individual into society because of weak social ties to others
  
  • Ex. The rate of egoistic suicide is likely to be high among people who lack friends and are unmarried

Question 5

Anomic suicide

Answer 5

-occurs when norms governing behavior are vaguely defined

Ex. When people love in a society lacking a widely shared code of morality, the rate of anomic suicide is likely to be high.

Question 6

Social structure

Answer 6

• Sociologists call stable patterns of social relations social structures.
• One of sociology’s tasks is to identify and explain the connection between personal troubles and the social structures in which they are embedded

Question 7

Sociological imagination

Answer 7

-They qualify of mind that enables one to see the connection between personal troubles and social structures

Question 8

Origins of sociology

Answer 8

1. The scientific revolution suggested that a science of society is possible
2. The democratic revolution suggested people can intervene to improve society
3. The industrial revolution presented social thinkers with social problems in need of a solution

Question 9

Scientific revolution

Answer 9

• Began in Europe about 1550
• Encouraged the view that sound conclusions about the workings of society must be based on solid evidence, not just speculation

Question 10

Democratic revolution

Answer 10

• Began about 1750, during which the citizens of the US, France, and other countries broadened their participation in government.
• The revolution suggested that people organize society and that human intervention can therefore resolve social problems

Question 11

Industrial revolution

Answer 11

• The rapid economic transformation that began in Britain in then 1780s
• involved the application of science and technology to industrial processes, the creation of factories, and formation of a working class
• Created a host of new and serious social problems that attracted the attention of many social thinkers

Question 12

Augusta Comte

Answer 12

• French social thinker Auguste Comte (1798-1857) coined the term sociology in 1838.
• Comte wanted to adopt the scientific method in the study of society
• He was a conservative thinker, motivated by strong opposition to rapid change in French society

Question 13

Features of functionalism

Answer 13

1. Human behavior is governed by social structures.
2. Theories show how Social structures maintain or undermine social stability
3. Theories emphasize that social structures are based in shared values
4. Suggests that reestablishing equilibrium can best solve most social problems

Question 14

Robert Merton

Answer 14

-Leading functionalist in the US
-Proposed that social structures may have different consequences for different groups
•some May have disruptive or dysfunctional
-Some functions are manifest, others are latent

Question 15

Features if conflicts theory

Answer 15

1. Focuses on macro-level structures, such as “class relations”
2. Shoes how major patterns of inequality produce stability in some circumstances and change in others
3. Stresses how members of privileged groups try to maintain advantages while subordinate groups struggle to increase theirs
4. Leads to the suggestion that eliminating privilege will lower the level of conflict and increase total human welfare.

Question 16

Marx

Answer 16

• German social thinker who originated conflict theory
• Class conflict, the struggle between classes to resist and overcome the opposition of other classes, lies at the center of his ideas

Question 17

Dubois

Answer 17

• The first African American to receive a PH.D from Harvard
• A founder of the national association for the advancement of colored people (NAACP) and of the country’s second department if sociology, at Atlanta university

Question 18

C. Wright Mills

Answer 18

• Laid the foundations for modern conflict theory in the US in the 1950s
• Conducted pioneering research on American politics and class structure
• Argued that power is highly concentrated in American society which, is less of a democracy than we are often led to believe

Question 19

Weber

Answer 19

• Noted the rapid growth of the service sector if the economy, with non manual workers and professionals
• Argued that members of those occupational groups stabilize society because they enjoy higher status and income than manual workers in the manufacturing sector

Question 20

George Herbert mead

Answer 20

• The driving force behind the study of how the individuals sense of self is formed in the course if interaction with other people
• Mead and his colleagues developed symbolic interactionism

Question 21

Features of symbolic interactionism

Answer 21

1. Focus on interpersonal communication in micro-level social settings
2. Emphasis in social life as possible only because people attach meanings to things
3. Stress the notion that people help create their social circumstances and do not merely react to them
4. Validation of unpopular and nonofficial viewpoints by focusing on the subjective meanings people create in small social settings

Question 22

Social constructionist

Answer 22

-Those who argue that apparently natural or innate features of life are often sustained by social processes that vary historically and culturally

Question 23

Features of feminist theory

Answer 23

1. Focuses on patriarchy
2. Holds that male domination and female subordination are determined by power and social convention
3. Examines the operation of patriarchy in micro- and macro-level settings
4. Patterns of gender inequality should be changed for the benefit of all members of society

Question 24

Harriet Martineau

Answer 24

- Often called the first woman sociologist - Martineau translated Comte into English and wrote one of the first books on research methods -She undertook critical studies of slavery factory laws and gender inequality and was a leading advocate of voting rights in higher education for women and gender equality in the family

Question 25

Jane Addams

Answer 25

- Jane Addams was cofounder of hull house, a shelter for the destitute in Chicago's slums - She spent a lifetime fighting for social reform and provided a research platform for sociologist from the university of Chicago - In 1931, Adams revived the Nobel prize

Question 26

Research

Answer 26

-The process fk carefully observing reality to assess the validity of a theory or to generate a new one

Question 27

Ethical considerations

Answer 27

``` -Researchers must respect their subjects rights to: •safety •privacy •confidentiality •informed consent ```

Question 28

Variable

Answer 28

-Variable is a quality that can change from case to case | Ex. Age, sex, race, ethnicity, martial status

Question 29

Hypothesis

Answer 29

-hypothesis is a statement about what one is expected to find -independent variable •the presumed cause in a cause and effect relationship -dependent bailable • The presumed effect in a cause and effect relationship

Question 30

Reliability

Answer 30

The degree to which a measurement procedure yields consistent results

Question 31

Validity

Answer 31

The degree to which a measure actually measures what it is intended to measure

Question 32

Generalizability

Answer 32

The issue of who the results are applicable to

Question 33

Population

Answer 33

The entire group about which the researcher wishes to generalize

Question 34

Sample

Answer 34

-Part of the population of research interest that is selected for an analysis

Question 35

Random sample

Answer 35

- Sample in which members of the populations have the same chance of being selected for the study - when we have a random sample we can generalize about the population

Question 36

Convenience sample

Answer 36

- getting who we can get to participate in the study | - when we have a convenience sample we can only generalize about the people included in the study

Question 37

Survey

Answer 37

-ask people questions about their knowledge and attitudes or behavior either online in a face-to-face interview telephone interview or paper and pencil format

Question 38

Closed ended question

Answer 38

- in a survey a type of question that provides the read respondent with a list of permitted answers - each answer is given a code so that the data can later be easily input into a computer for statistical analysis

Question 39

Open-ended questions

Answer 39

In a survey a type of question allows respondents to answer in their own words