Ch. 1: Nomenclature

Question 1

IUPAC

Answer 1

International union of pure and applied chemistry, designated standards for naming chemical compounds with 5 steps:
1. Find parent chain: longest carbon chain in the compound that contains the highest-priority functional group (with the most oxidized carbon)
If there are 2 or more chains of equal length the more substitted chain gets priority as parent chain
2. Determine suffix: number the chain with the carbon closest to the highest priority functional group is 1 so that the highest priority functional group receives the lowest possible number– this group determines suffix
3. Name substituents with a prefix: multiple substituents of a single type receive another prefix denoting how many are present (di-, tri-, tetra-, etc)
4. Assign a number to each of the substituents depending on the carbon to which it is bonded
5. Complete the name by alphabetizing the substituents and separating numbers from each other by commas and from words by hyphens

Question 2

Heteroatoms

Answer 2

Oxidation state increases w more bonds to heteoratoms- atoms besides carbon and hydrogen (like oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus or halogens). Oxidation state decreases w more bonds to hydrogen

Question 3

Substituents

Answer 3

functional groups that are not part of the parent chain. It’s name will be placed at the beginning of the cound name as a prefix followed by the name of the longest chain. Only highest priory functional group will determine the suffix for the compound and must be part of the parent chain

Question 4

Naming carbon chain substituents

Answer 4

Named like alkanes, w suffix -yl replacing -ane. Prefix n- indicates it is normal (a straight chaine alkane). Safe to assue that alkane substitents will be normal unless otherwise specified as prefix will not always be present

Question 5

Alkanes

Answer 5

Hydrocarbons w/o any double or triple bonds. Have general formula CnH(2n+2). Halogens are common substituents on alkanes. Alkyl halides are indicated by a prefix: fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, or iodo-

Question 6

Naming alkanes

Answer 6

Named according to the number of carbons present followed by the suffix -ane. First 4 are methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8), and butane (C4H10). Larger alkanes use greek root for the number (pentane, hexane, heptane, octane etc.)

Question 7

Alkenes

Answer 7

Hydrocarbons which contain double bonds. Named by substituting -ene for the suffix and numbering the double bond by its lower-numbered carbon

Question 8

Alkynes

Answer 8

Hydrocarbons which contain triple bonds. Named by substituting -yne for the suffix and numbering the double bond by its lower-numbered carbon

Question 9

Alcohols

Answer 9

Contain a hydroxyl (-OH) group, which substitutes for one or more of the hydrogens in the hydrocarbon chain. Nambed by substituting the suffix -ol or by using the prefix hydroxy- if higher priority group is present. Alcohols have higher priority than double or triple bonds and alkanes. Common names of alcohols include the name of the carbon chain followed by the word alcohol (ethyl alcohol is the same compound as ethanol)

Question 10

Diols/Glycols

Answer 10

Contain 2 hydroxyl groups. Termed germinal (or called hydrates) if on the same carbon or vicinal if on adjacent carbons

Question 11

Aldehydes and Ketones

Answer 11

Contain a carbonyl group- A carbon double bonded to an oxygen

Question 12

Carbonyl group

Answer 12

A carbon double bonded to an oxygen

Question 13

Aldehydes

Answer 13

Have the carbonyl group on a terminal carbon (chain terminating) that is also attached to a hydrogen atom. Named w the suffix -al or by using prefix oxo- if a higher priority group is present. Common names include formaldehyde for methanal, acetaldehyde for ethanal, and propionaldehyde for propanal

Question 14

Ketones

Answer 14

Have the carbonyl group on a nonterminal carbon. Named with the suffix -one and share the prefix oxo- if a higher priority group is present. Can also be indicated by the prefix keto-. Common names are constructed by naming the alkyl groups on either side alphabetically and adding ketone (ex: 2-butanone is called ethylmethylketone). Acetone is the smallest ketone IUPAC name is propanone

Question 15

Carbonyl containing compounds lettering scheme

Answer 15

Carbon adjacent to the carbonyl carbon is the alpha-carbon

Question 16

Carboxylic Acids

Answer 16

Highest-priority functional functional group bc they contain 3 bonds to oxygen: one from a hydroxyl group and two from a carbonyl group. Always terminal, although their derivatives may occur within a molecule. Named w suffix -oic acid. Common names follow trend for aldehydes: formic acid is methanoic acid, acetic acid is ethanoic acid and propionic acid is propionic acid

Question 17

Esters

Answer 17

Carboxylic acid derivatives where -OH is replaced with -OR (R is a hydrocarbon chain) an alkoxy group. Use the suffix -oate or prefix alkoxycarbonyl-. Common names for esters are derived from the alcohol and the carboxylic acid used during synthesis

Question 18

Amides

Answer 18

Replace the hydroxyl froup of a carboxylic acid with an amino group (nitrogen containing group) that may or may not be substituted. The amino nitrogen can be nonded to 0, 1 or 2 alkyl groups. Use the suffix -amide or prefix carbamoyl- or amido-. Substituents attached to the amide nitrogen are designated with a capital N-

Question 19

Anhydrides

Answer 19

Formed from 2 carboxylic acids by dehydration. May be symmetric (2 of the same acid), asymmetric (2 diff acids), or cyclic (intramolecular reaction of a dicarboxylic acid). Named using the suffix anhydride in place of acid. If the anhydride is formed from more than one carboxylic acid, both are named in alphabetical order in the name before the word anhydride

Question 20

Functional group order of priority

Answer 20

Carboxylic acid > anhydride > ester > amide > aldehyde > ketone > alcohol > alkene/alkyne > alkane