Ch 1 - Laboratory Basics Flashcards
CLSI
- Clinical Lab Standard Institute
- Sets standards for medical labs (thermometers, glassware, etc.)
CLRW
- Clinical Laboratory Reagent Water
- The water has to be treated via reverse osmosis
# Filter bacteria, metals, minerals, etc.
Varying grades of purity for chemicals (3)
- Analytical or reagent grade
- Ultrapure
- Pharmaceutical
Main purpose: Analytical or reagent grade chemicals
For medical tests
Main purpose: Ultrapure chemicals
For nanograde purity
Main purpose: Pharmaceutical chemicals
Not injurious to health
Glassware types (2)
- Borosilicate
2. Low actinate
Borosilicate glassware
- Most common
- Can handle:
# High temperatures
# Corrosives
Low actinate glassware
- Amber/red color –LOW light
- Can also handle high temperatures
Types of plastics (5)
- Polypropylene
- Polyethylene
- Polycarbonate
- Polystyrene
- Teflon
Polypropylene
- Chemically resistant
- Autoclavable
Polyethylene
- Widely used
- Examples:
# Test tubes
# Disposable items
# Transfer pipettes, etc.
Polycarbonate
- Strong
- Can handle high temperatures (100 – 160 degrees C)
- Autoclavable only for a short while
# Polypropylene is more preferable - Examples:
# Graduated cylinders,
# Erlenmeyer flasks, etc.
Polystyrene
- Rigid plastic
- Example:
# Kova tubes
Teflon
- Chemically resistant
- Examples:
# Tubing
# Cap liners
Pipettes (2 main types)
- Manual pipettes
2. Semi-automatic/automatic micropipettes
Manual pipettes
- Glass or disposable plastic
- 2 types
2 types of manual pipettes
- Volumetric
2. Serological/Serologic
Volumetric pipettes
- Use for QC # Most accurate - Class A glassware - Volumetric = Void of lines # Typical measurements: # 1 mL, 2 mL, 3 mL, 5 mL, 10 mL, 20 mL - Calibrated # DO NOT blow remaining drop - TD pipette # TD = To Deliver
Serological pipettes
- Calibrated to tip
- Measure various amounts
- DO blow remaining drop
# Note that the lines mark all the way to the tip
Semi-automatic/automatic micropipettes
- Between 1 μL - 1000 μL
# 1000 μL = 1 mL - Usually 20 μL
- How it works: air displacement
Pipette calibration, according to CLSI
- must calibrate periodically
- either quarterly or semi-annually
- use water to weigh (cheapest)
Balances (2 types)
- Unequal arm balance
2. Electronic balance
Where is the unequal arm balance usually used?
Blood bank
RCF
- Relative Centrifugal Force
RCF = (0.00001) x (radius in cm) x (RPM)^2
Types of centrifuges (4)
- Fixed angle
- Swinging bucket
- Ultracentrifuge
- Refrigerated
Where is the swinging bucket centrifuge usually used?
Chemistry
What kind of centrifugal force is used in the ultracentrifuge?
Very high RCF
Refrigerated centrifuges
- Can be fixed angle, swinging bucket, or ultracentrifuge
- Must check temperature in addition
Verifies and records speed
Tachometer
NIST
National Institute for Science Technology
Thermometers
- Certified by NIST with very expensive certificate
- Example uses:
# Room temperature
# Water bath
# Refrigerator
# Freezer
SI Units
- Established 1960
- substance per concentration
# mmol/L
# mg/dL