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Intro - Information Systems > Ch 1 - IS & People > Flashcards

Ch 1 - IS & People Flashcards

0
Q

What is operations management?

A

The design, operation, and improvement of the systems and processes the organization uses to deliver its goods and services

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1
Q

What are the 6 primary roles of Information Systems?

A
  1. Managing operations
  2. Supporting customer interactions
  3. Making decisions
  4. Collaborating on teams
  5. Gaining competitive advantage
  6. Improving individual productivity
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2
Q

Managing operations examples:

A

Ex:
A.
Manufacturers need systems to manage assembly lines, product quality, production schedules, and just-in-time supply deliveries

B.
Colleges need systems to manage student academic records, class scheduling, faculty assignment, and student financial aid

C.
Transportation companies rely on information systems equipped with GPS to track their fleets, optimize routes, and conserve has

D.
Companies that buy products from suppliers around the globe need real-time updates on their global supply chains to manage inventories and reduce cost

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3
Q

Used to build customer relationships, enhance loyalty, and manage interactions with customers

A

Customer relationship management system

CRM

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4
Q

Supporting customer interactions

Examples:

A

Ex:
A.
A brick-and-mortar retail store needs a sales system that [identifies] each product in the shopper’s basket, [tallies] the total, [feeds] the data to the inventory system, and [accepts] various kinds of payment.

B.
A web application offers many opportunities to build stronger relationships and also better understand the motives and desires of each person who visits.

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5
Q

The information managers use to make decisions, drawn from the company’s own information systems or external sources

A

Business intelligence

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6
Q

Draws on the billions of pieces of data that can be aggregated to reveal important trends and patterns

A

Data-driven decision making

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7
Q

Online communities of people who create profiles for themselves, form ties with others with whom they share interests, and make new connections on those ties

A

Social networking sites

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8
Q

Making decisions examples:

A

Ex:
A.
The sales system will show how much a restaurant makes in the last hour of business, and that data will help the manager make a good decision about closing early

B.
That restaurant manager might combine customer records with publicly available information about income levels by zip code to help make a smart decision about where to open another branch

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9
Q

Collaborating on teams examples:

A

Ex:
A.
In online college courses, debates about whether students should turn on their webcams during virtual class sessions are common

B.
Research analysts predict 50% of large companies will depend heavily on internal social networks for their employees by 2016
(For many, will be as important as email is now)

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10
Q

Anything that gives a firm a lead over its rivals

-it can be gained through the development and application of innovative information systems

A

Competitive advantage

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11
Q

Individual facts or pieces of information

A

Data

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12
Q

Data or facts that are assembled and analyzed to add meaning and usefulness

A

Information

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13
Q

Competitive advantage examples:

A

Ex:

Apple’s iPhone got a lead on smartphone competitors with Siri.

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14
Q

Improving individual productivity examples:

A

Ex:
A.
You can automatically create and properly format your term paper references by integrating a bibliographical manager such as EndNote or RefNote
-online libraries and reference databases offer links to export the citation in any format, so typing is unnecessary

B.
Time management experts advise you to process your email inbox to zero, flagging important messages and rerouting others by using automated filtering tools

**Stop devoting time to tasks technology can do for you

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15
Q

Data vs Information example:

A

Ex:
One piece of a Data:
A patient’s single high-temperature reading at a 24 hr walk-in clinic in Maryland

Combining it with data from all patients entering clinics that week, patterns may warn of a flu outbreak or even a major epidemic

-The CDC draws on this type of data to map the spread of diseases and protect the public

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16
Q

How can we make data/information more useful and meaningful ?

A

By refining, analyzing, and combing information.

-This adds to our ability to use it to make decisions and take action

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17
Q

The path from
Data&raquo_space;> Information&raquo_space;> Knowledge
is a continuum, which means: ________?

A

No clear diving line separates these categories

-they blend together and form a continuum as more meaningfulness and usefulness are created through skillful analysis and human insight

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18
Q

Examples of the continuum from

Data&raquo_space;> Information&raquo_space;> Knowledge

are:

A 
Ex:
A.
DATA --------------- CWOT
INFORMATION -- Complete Waste of Time
KNOWLEDGE --- May be interpreted as an insult

B.
DATA ————— GPS coordinates
INFORMATION – Map showing location w/ a push pin
KNOWLEDGE — Location of Taj Mahal in India

C.
DATA————–010100110100111101010011
INFORMATION— Binary code for SOS
KNOWLEDGE—- HELP!!!

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19
Q

What are 3 characteristics that make information valuable?

A

Timeliness
Accuracy
Completeness

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20
Q

Timeliness matters a great deal in some settings.

Give an example:

A

Ex:
People pay monthly fees to financial services (to get up-to-the minute stock prices, rather than the delayed price reports shown on free stock tickers you can add on your browser)

  • Riswan Khalfan of TD Securities claims his system can handle > 5 million pieces of data per second, far more than other banks
  • With timely up-to-date trading data, Khalfan’s systems can make quicker decisions
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21
Q

Accuracy may seem like an obvious feature of valuable info, but there actually different degrees.

Give an example:

A

The more accurate you want information to be, the longer it may take to obtain
(which makes extreme accuracy a trade-off to timeliness)

Ex:
A CEO who wants to know how much competitors charge for a rival product

  • He may wait too long for staff to scour all distribution channels and assemble the data
  • Therefore an approximate answer is more valuable
22
Q

Completeness adds value
(particularly as a means to avoid bias or spin)

Give an example:

A

Ex:
A marketing survey that polls customers as they enter a store will completely miss those who shop online

  • This survey would not be complete without taking the time to assess the interests of all customers
  • Therefore striving for complete information may also introduce delays and affect timeliness
23
Q

An information system brings together 4 critical components to collect, process, manage, analyze, and distribute information.

What are the 4 components of an IS?

A
  1. People
  2. Technology
  3. Processes
  4. Data
24
Q

The human element plays a crucial role in the success or failure of most information systems.

List some of the roles that ‘People’ play in IS:

A

Visionaries
Developers
Managers

Analysts 
Liaisons 
Users 
Customers 
Contributors
Roadblocks
25
Q

The content contributed to a system by its users

A

User-generated content (UGC)

Ex:
eBay
YouTube
Wikipedia 
Twitter
Facebook
Craigslist
26
Q

The second generation of web development that facilitates far more interactivity, end-user contributions, collaboration, and information sharing compared to earlier models

A

Web 2.0

Ex:
Social networking
Virtual meetings

27
Q

Hardware, software, and telecommunications that comprise the technology component of information systems

A

Information technology (IT)

the term is often used more broadly to refer to information systems

28
Q

The broad collection of information processing and communications technologies

-emphasizes that telecommunication technology is a significant feature of IS

A

Information and communications technology

ICT

29
Q

Anything that is capable of collecting, processing, storing, or displaying electronic data is potentially part of IT (or an IS)

What are some examples?

A

Ex:

A.
Desktop computers 
Laptops 
Netbooks
Tablets
Cell phones
Navigation devices 
Digital cameras 
Scanners
Sensors

B.
The transponder chip on your car’s windshield that allows electronic toll collection.

(The battery-powered device sends a signal to the tollbooth and drivers don’t even need to slow down)

-EZ Pass

30
Q

Software can range from the code needed to boot up a computer – to programs with artificial intelligence and their own learning capabilities.

How did the Internet and WWW unleash an explosion of software that transformed businesses around the world?

A

Organizations can create applications that their partners, suppliers, and customers can access anywhere on the planet.

(People can instantly connect now)

31
Q

What is the main roles of telecommunications?

A 
To:
1. move electronic signals from place to place 
2. route traffic
3. add features to:
  A.  improve transmission speeds 
  B.  eliminate noise
  C.  increase security
  D.  analyze traffic patterns

-Can be wireless or wired

32
Q

Why do people favor wireless transmission of internet even though speed still lags?

A

Wireless transmission:

-Flexibility
-Reduced cost
-More likely to stay up and
running during a storm

33
Q

Technology is a major driver of “Web 3.0”

// there are hundreds of millions of [sensors] embedded in vehicles, doorways, livestock, warehouse shelves, ocean buoys, etc...
// all are connected to the net and let us see the power of "the Internet of things"

How?

A

Sensors pick up on:

  • Temperature
  • Geographic location
  • Motion
  • Wind speed
  • Pollution indicators
  • Heart rate

• When combined with traditional data sources and UGC, these immense collections are known as “big data”

34
Q

A set of activities designed to achieve a task

-Why are these implemented?

A

Business process

-To support, streamline, and sometimes eliminate business processes

35
Q

♻️Processes

Countless [decisions] need to be made about:

  • how each process should operate
  • rules it follows
  • input & output info.

Give an example:

A

Ex:

– Should the system log every change an employee makes to the data?

– Will the system require supervisors to electronically approve all purchases or some?

    • What decisions can the system make on its own based on incoming data and rules?
  • —What decisions require human consent?
36
Q

✅♻️Process improvements

Example:

Organizations trying to design systems that reproduce what humans can already do (reduce human work)

  • A college registration office has a kid there who works to send detailed letters to people
  • – A new feature is designed to automatically send letters and their reason

What are the pros and cons?
What radical changes could occur?

A

Pros:
-Staff would be pleased with new efficiency

Cons:
-Students might think letters are a bit mechanical

Radical changes:

  • If we moved everything to online registrations
  • – Could eliminate the process entirely
  • – (System won’t allow student to join the class at all if they are ineligible, eliminating the need to send letters at all)
37
Q

Focuses on designing, optimizing, and streamlining business processes throughout the organization

A

Business process management (BPM)

38
Q

The processes by which electronic data that might be used as legal evidence are requested, secured, and searched

A

E-discovery

39
Q

♻️Processes
-Take into account the human element

Ex:
Analysts look at processes from many different angles to:

A
  • Weigh input from all stakeholders
  • Suggest innovative approaches
  • Propose tweaks at every step
40
Q

Incoming data is converted to digital format (regardless of its original form).

This conversion allows it to be:

A
  • integrated in information systems
  • read by computer programs
  • shared across systems
Ex:
Letters 
Numbers
Colors 
Money
Musical notes
41
Q

The study of information systems

How people, technology, processes, and data work together

A

Management information systems (MIS)

-also used to describe a special type of IS that supports tactical decision making at the managerial level

42
Q

Major research topics in IS include:

  1. Development of information systems
  2. IT in organizations
  3. IT and individuals
  4. IT and collaboration in groups
  5. IT and markets

Give an example of each:

A

Sample Research Questions:

1a. What are the best ways to develop new software?
1b. How should end-users be involved in the development process?

2a. How should managers introduce change when new systems are implemented?
2b. What kinds of IT policies about “acceptable use” work best in different organizations?

3a. How should IT develop systems for the disabled?
3b. What kinds of interfaces are easiest for people to use?

4a. Why do virtual teams succeed or fail?
4b. How can managers use social networking to promote innovation?

5a. How does the Internet affect the real estate business?
5b. How should businesses promote online sales?

43
Q

The person who heads the department responsible for managing and maintaining information systems

-ensures that they support the organization’s goals

A

Chief information officer (CIO)

44
Q

Provides services to internal and external customers on technology issues.

  • answers the phone or email and troubleshoots problems
  • installs and maintains desktop equipment
A

Help desk

45
Q

Installs, manages, and updates servers

A

Systems Administration

46
Q

Maintains the environmentally controlled areas in which servers and communications equipment are located.

-handles backups and archiving

A

Operations

47
Q

Develops, installs, maintains, and oversees the organization’s mission-critical software applications

A

Enterprise Systems and Applications

48
Q

Installs and manages communications technologies and networks

(Including voice, cell phones, and wireless networks)

A

Telecommunications and Network Services

49
Q

Oversees security, ensuring that confidential information is protected from hackers, disasters, accidents, and rogue employees

A

Chief Information Security Officer

50
Q

Manages privacy issues and helps shape policy about how [confidential data] about customers, citizens, employees, patients, and others are handled and protected

A

Chief Privacy Officer

51
Q

More ‘technical’ than the CIO

-oversees technology solutions and innovative uses

A

Chief Technology Officer

52
Q

Manages efforts to improve the organization’s ability to capture, nurture, and disseminate knowledge and expertise

A

Chief Knowledge Officer

53
Q

Responsible for identifying, assessing, and addressing threats from unforeseen circumstances that can lead to crisis situations

A

Crisis management teams

Intro - Information Systems (2 decks)

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