Ch 1: Introduction to Anatomy and Phsiology

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

the study of form/structure

Question 2

surface

Answer 2

general form and superficial markings

Question 3

systemic

Answer 3

structure of organ systems

Question 4

pathological

Answer 4

abnormal or diseased cells/ tissues/ organs

Question 5

regional

Answer 5

body regions

Question 6

cytology

Answer 6

microscopic/ cells

Question 7

histology

Answer 7

microscopic/ tissues

Question 8

Radiography:

Answer 8

use of x-rays which are high energy and can penetrate soft tissues,
can lead to mutations which can lead to cancer and birth defects
used in dentistry, diagnosis of fractures and examination of the chest

Question 9

Computerized Tomography (CT) Scan

Answer 9

patient is moved through a ring shaped machine that emits low insensitivity x rays on one side and receives them with a detector on the other side
a computer then analyzes the signals from the detector
used in identifying tumors, aneurysms, cerebral hemorrhages, and kidney stones

Question 10

Positron emission tomography (PET) scan

Answer 10

An injection of radioactively labeled glucose which emits positrons
These positrons collide with electrons and a pair of gamma rays is emitted which can be detected by sensors and analyzed by a computer
The computer displays a color image that shows which tissues were using the most or least glucose at the moment
Used to assess the metabolic state of a tissue and to distinguish which tissue is most active at a given time
Can diagnose the extent of heart tissue damage, diagnosis of cancer and tumor status

Question 11

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer 11

Patient is placed in a cylindrical chamber surrounded by a large electromagnet that creates a very strong magnetic field
Hydrogen atoms in the tissues align themselves with the magnetic field
Technologist turns on a field of radio waves which causes the hydrogen atoms to absorb additional energy and to align in a different direction
A computer analyzes the emitted energy to produce and image of the body
Can be used to see through the skull and vertebral column to see images of nervous tissue

Question 12

Sonography

Answer 12

A hand help device is held firmly to the skin produces high frequency ultrasound waves and receives the signals that echo back from internal organs
Useful I’m obstetrics but not useful in examining bones or lungs

Question 13

Physiology

Answer 13

The Study of function 
Feedback mechanisms (negative and positive )

Question 14

Negative feedback mechanism

Answer 14

Body reverses the stimulus (change) as quickly as possible to maintain homeostasis or equilibrium,
More common type of feedback mechanism

Question 15

Temperature regulation

Answer 15

Negative feedback mechanism

1. Increase in body temperature (stimulus)
2. Sensed by thermoreceptors
3. Thermoreceptors send message to hypothalamus (regulator)
4. Hypothalamus sends message to targets (effectors) such as sweat glands to cause sweating
5. Person sweats; causes decrease in body temperature back to nor,al (have reversed the stimulus )

Question 16

Hormone regulation

Answer 16

Negative feedback mechanism
If an endocrine gland hyper secretes it’s hormone the body tries to inhibit it
If an endocrine gland hypo-secretes its hormone the body tries to stimulate it

Question 17

Positive Feedback Mechanism

Answer 17

body allows the stimulus (change) to continue and intensify until the desired result is achieved

Question 18

What is the hierarchy of the human structure from most complex to least complex?

Answer 18

Organism
Organ system
organ
tissue
cell
organelle 
molecule 
atom

Question 19

Organism

Answer 19

single, complete individual

Question 20

Organ System

Answer 20

group of organs with a unique collective function

Question 21

organ

Answer 21

structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function

Question 22

tissue

Answer 22

a mass of similar cells and cell products that forms a particular region of an organ and performs a specific function

Question 23

cell

Answer 23

smallest unit of the organism that carries out all the basic functions of life

Question 24

organelle

Answer 24

microscopic structure in a cell that carry out its individual functions

Question 25

molecule

Answer 25

building block of the organelle and other cellular components

Question 26

atom

Answer 26

smallest particle that has unique chemical identities

Question 27

metabolism

Answer 27

living organisms take in molecules and chemically change them into molecules that form their own structures, control their physiology, or provide them with energy; is the sum of all of this internal chemical change; consists of two classes of reactions

Question 28

anabolism

Answer 28

the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones

Question 29

catabolism

Answer 29

the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones

Question 30

responsiveness

Answer 30

the ability of an organism to sense and respond to stimuli (changes in their environment)

Question 31

movement

Answer 31

most living organisms are capable of self-propelled movement from place to place; or capable of moving substances internally (from one organelle to another; or within an organ system, i.e. digestive tract)

Question 32

homeostasis

Answer 32

the ability to maintain stable internal conditions

Question 33

development

Answer 33

hange in form or function that occurs during the lifetime of the organism; it involves two major processes

Question 34

differentiation

Answer 34

the transformation of cells with no specialize function into cells that are committed to a particular task;