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Immunology > CH 1: Intro to the Immune System > Flashcards

CH 1: Intro to the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What is immunology?

A

Study of the physiological mechanisms that humans and other animals use to defend their bodies from invasion by pathogens
- study of the immune system

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2
Q

How does our body defend itself against pathogens?

A

immune system

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3
Q

3 broad categories of defense

A
  1. Physical & chemical barriers
  2. Innate response (born w/ it)
    - divided into immediate & induced
  3. Adaptive response
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4
Q

Pathogen

A

Any organism w/ the potential to cause disease
- can habitually cause disease or be opportunistic

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5
Q

Opportunistic

A
  • normally already in our body at normal levels…occurs when at high levels
  • will not always have the opportunity to cause disease
  • must have certain conditions met
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6
Q

What does it mean to be immune to infection?

A

Built up resistance to a disease/infection

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7
Q

How do we become immune?

A
  • natural selection
  • vaccines
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8
Q

Immunization (vaccination)

A

Procedure to prevent severe disease by prior exposure to the infectious agent in a form that cannot cause disease
- purposeful exposure
- adaptive response

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9
Q

Immunization: history

A
  • 1st used against smallpox in 18th century
  • Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
    —-small amounts of smallpox virus
  • Edward Jenner = cowpox
    —-similar to smallpox, but not deadly
    —-father of immunology
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10
Q

variolation

A

Make a cut in non-infected persona & expose them

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11
Q

Different forms of vaccines

A
  • mRNA
  • dead pathogens
  • can mutate virus, “killed off” vaccines
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12
Q

Commensal microorganism

A

Habitually lives on or in the human body; normally does not cause disease & can be beneficial
- can make vitamins, process digested food, and protect against disease
- 1000+ microorganisms live in healthy adult gut, adding 10 lbs body weight

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13
Q

Commensal microorganism pt 2

A
  • the reason why we lose lbs when given antibiotics…
  • microorganisms died, but will regrow
  • in gut, skin, etc
  • take up space INSTEAD of pathogens
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14
Q

Microbiota

A

Community of microbial species that inhabit a specific niche in the human body
- skin, mouth, gut, vagina

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15
Q

vaginal vs c-section

A

importance of early exposure to microorganisms

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16
Q

Colon

A

The colon is colonized by large numbers of commensal bacteria
- antibiotics kill many of these com. bacteria
- pathogenic bacteria gain a foothold & produce toxins that cause mucosal injury
- rbc & wbc leaks into gut between injured epithelial cells

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17
Q

Four types of pathogenic organisms

A
  • Viruses: intracellular (need a host)
  • Fungi: extracellular
  • Bacteria: extracellular
  • Parasites: extracellular
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18
Q

Defenses (extracellular)

A

scratching, diarrhea, vomitting

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19
Q

Barriers help keep what away?

A

pathogens

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20
Q

Relationships of pathogens and humans change over time

A

Most pathogenic organims evolved adaptations to allow them to invade the host, replicate in them and be transmitted
- “new” pathogens often cause high mortality (ebola)
- rapid death of host not good for pathogen

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21
Q

Human population in the evolution of pathogens

A
  • evolve a degree of built-in genetic resistance
  • acquire lifetime immunity to endemic diseases
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22
Q

endemic diseases

A

ubiquitous and people often exposed in childhood
- measles, chicken pox

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23
Q

Pathogens evolve to become..

A

Less pathogenic
- mortality bad for both humans & pathogens

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24
Q

Epithelium

A

Layers of cells that line the outer surface & inner cavities of the body
- strong barriers: skin, hair, & nails (provides chemical & physical barrier)
- more vulnerable: mucosal surfaces (mucosae)–secrete mucus, thick fluid that protects epithelial cells from damage and infection

25
Q

All epithelia produce what?

A

Antimicrobial peptides
- kill pathogens by perturbing their membranes

26
Q

Tears & saliva

A

Secrete lysozyme that degrades bacterial cell walls
- level of protection
- ex : dust in your eyes

27
Q

Stomach & vagina

A

Very acidic

28
Q

If barriers are breached…

A

Innate immune response

29
Q

Innate immune response

A

Born with; initiated immediately upon infection
- non-specific, localized defense against wide range of pathogens
- 2-part response

30
Q

Innate immune response: 2-part response

A
  1. Recognition that a pathogen is present - soluble proteins & cell-surface receptors bind to the pathogen & its products or to altered human cells
  2. Recruitment of effector mechanism - processes used to destroy & remove pathogens
31
Q

Effector mechanisms

A
  • Effector cells
  • Complement
32
Q

Effector cells

A

Engulf bacteria, kills virus-infected cells, or attack parasites (macrophages, NK cells)

33
Q

Complement

A

Serum proteins that mark pathogens in order to attack them or alter effector cells

34
Q

Innate immunity

A

Host defense mechanisms that act at start of infection

35
Q

Pathogen-recognition mechanisms

A
  • Bacterial cell surface induces cleavage & activation of complement
  • One complement fragment covalently bonds to the bacterium, the other attracts an effector cell
  • The complement receptor on the effector cell binds to the complement fragment on the bacterium
36
Q

Effector mechanisms

A

The effector cell engulfs the bacterium, kills it, and breaks it down

37
Q

Innate immunity (general process)

A
  • Healthy skin is not inflamed
  • Surface wound introduces bacteria, which activate resident effector cells to secrete cytokines
  • Vasodilation & increased vascular permeability allow fluid, protein, and inflammatory cells to leave blood & enter tissue
  • The infected tissue becomes inflamed, causing redness, heat, swelling, & pain
38
Q

Edema

A

Swelling

39
Q

Cytokines

A

Soluble proteins secreted by cells to change behavior of surrounding cells
- produced when cells detect infection; react w/ other cells to trigger innate immune response
- make blood vessels leaky to allow fluids & other things to exit blood vessel & enter the infection

40
Q

Inflammatory cells

A

WBCs present in inflamed tissues; contribute to inflammation

41
Q

If infections outrun innate immune responses

A

Adaptive immune response

42
Q

Adaptive immune response

A

Response of antigen-specific B and T lymphocytes to antigen
- involves development of immunological memory
- adapts to the infecting protein
- highly specific (of the type of cell)
- evolved only invertebrates

43
Q

Lymphocytes

A

B, T, and NK WBCs
- B & T are small
- WBCs are large, also involved in innate response

44
Q

Antigen

A

Molecule or molecular fragment recognized by an antibody or B or T cells
- may also be proteins, toxins, etc

45
Q

Recognition mechanisms: Innate vs Adaptive response

A

Innate:
- rapid response (hrs)
- fixed
- limited number of specificities
- constant during response
Adaptive:
- slow response (days to weeks)
- variable
- Numerous highly selective specificities
- improve during response

46
Q

Innate and Adaptive responses have common what?

A

Common effector mechanisms for the destruction of pathogens

47
Q

Specificity of adaptive immune response

A

Lymphocyte receptors encoded by genes that are cut, spliced and modified during lymphocyte development.
- clonal selection
- clonal expansion

48
Q

Clonal selection

A

Stimulation of a small subset of pathogen-specific lymphocytes for proliferation

49
Q

Clonal expansion

A

Proliferation and differentiation of selected lymphocytes
- large clones of antigen-specific lymphocytes generated to fight the infection

50
Q

Adaptive immune response is faster/slower than innate immune response?

A

Slower!

51
Q

Different receptors…

A

Different antigens

52
Q

Memory cells

A

Lymphocytes selected during an adaptive immune response that persist after the infection
- allow for immunological memory
- subsequent infection by same pathogen elicits stronger and faster adaptive immune response

53
Q

Acquired/protective immunity

A

Adaptive immunity provided by immunological memory

54
Q

Primary immune response

A

First encounter with pathogen

55
Q

Secondary immune response

A

All subsequent encounters with that pathogen
- anything after primary response, bc don’t know how many times exposed

56
Q

In order for adaptive response to be activated what happens first?

A

NEED innate response first

57
Q

Vaccinations induce what?

A

Immunological memory
- B & T cells memory
- adaptive responses contingent upon innate responses…so vaccines must induce BOTH

58
Q
A

Immunology (6 decks)

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