Ch 1: Intro to Pathophysiology Flashcards
Homeostasis
The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment regardless of external changes
-> when homeostasis is maintained, good health is
generally maintained
-> when homeostasis is not maintained, disease
may develop
Health
Physical, mental, and social well-being
Disease
Deviation from the normal state of homeostasis
Health Indicators
-“Normal” values occur within a range of values and may vary depending on the technology used for measurement.
- Adjustments caused by the following:
- > age
- > gender
- > genetics
- > environment
- > activity level
Concept and Scope of Pathophysiology
- Functional (physiologic) changes in the body as a result from disease
- Uses knowledge of basic anatomy and physiology
- Includes aspects of pathology, which describes structural changes in body tissues caused by disease.
- Cause and effect relationships, defined by signs and symptoms, guide the study of a specific disease
Prevention of Disease
- Has become a primary focus in health care
- > Maintaining routine vaccination programs
- > Participation in screening programs
- > Community health programs
- > Regular routine doctor visits
Stages of Research Process
Stage 1:
->”Basic Science”
->Identification of technology to be used
->Word done in the laboratory
->might require animal or cell/tissue cultures
Stage 2:
->Small number of human subjects
Stage 3:
->Clinical trials
->Involving a large number of patients with the disease or risk of the disease
->”Double blind studies”
Medical History
- Current and prior illnesses
- Allergies
- Hospitalizations
- Treatment
- Specific difficulties
- Any type of therapy or drugs
- > prescriptions
- > nonprescriptions
- > herbal items, including food supplements
Basic Terminology: Gross Level
Organ or system level (Ex: organs, tissues, and body cavities)
Basic Terminology: Microscopic Level
Cellular Level
Basic Terminology: Biopsy
Excision of small amounts of living tissue
Basic Terminology: Autopsy
Examination of the body and organs after death
Disease Process: Diagnosis
Identification of a basic disease
- > Evaluation of signs and symptoms - > Laboratory tests
Disease Process: Etiology
Causative factors in a particular disease
- > Congenital defects
- > inherited or genetic disorders
- > microorganisms
- > Immunologic dysfunctions
- > Degenerative Changes
- > Malignancy
- > Metabolic, nutritional problems
- > Trauma, burns, environmental factors
Causes of Disease: Idiopathic
Cause of disease is unknown
Causes of Disease: Iatrogenic
Error/treatment/procedure may cause the disease
Causes of Disease: Predisposing Factors
Age, gender, inherited factors, environmental, etc
Causes of Disease: Prophylaxis
Preserve health; prevent spread of disease
Causes of Disease: Prevention
Vaccinations; dietary/lifestyle modifications; prevention of potentially harmful activities, etc
Characteristics of Disease: Pathogenesis
Development of the disease
Characteristics of Disease: Onset of disease
- Sudden/acute
- Insidious: gradual, vague or mild signs
Characteristics of Disease: Acute disease
- Short-term, develops quickly
- High fever, severe pain, etc
Characteristics of Disease: Chronic disease
- Develops gradually
- Milder symptoms, often intermitted with acute episodes
Characteristics of Disease: Subclinical state
Pathologic changes, no obvious manifestations
Characteristics of Disease: Latent State
- No symptoms or clinical signs evident
- In infectious diseases; incubation period
Characteristics of Disease: Prodromal period
- Early development of the disease
- Signs are nonspecific or absent
Characteristics of Disease: Manifestations
- Clinical evidence with signs and symptoms
- > Local: at the site of the problem
- > Systemic: general indicators of illness, i.e. fever
Characteristics of Disease: Remissions and exacerbations
- Mar the course or progress of a disease
- > Remission: Period which manifestations subside
- > Exacerbation: a worsening of severity
Characteristics of Disease: Precipitating Factor
Condition that triggers an acute episode
Characteristics of Disease: Complications
New secondary or additional problems
Characteristics of Disease: Therapy
Measure to promote recovery/slow progress
Characteristics of Disease: Sequelae
Potential unwanted outcomes
Characteristics of Disease: Convalescence or rehabilitation
Period of recovery and return to healthy state
Disease Prognosis: Morbidity
Disease rates within a group
Disease Prognosis: Mortality
Relative number of deaths resulting from the disease
Disease Prognosis: Autopsy
Postmortem examination
Disease Prognosis: Epidemiology
- Tracking the pattern or occurrence of disease
- Major data collection centers: Who and CDC
Disease Prognosis: occurrence of disease- incidence and prevalence
- Incidence: Number of NEW cases in a given population within a given time period
- Prevalence: Number of NEW, OLD, or EXISTING cases within a given population and time period
Disease Prognosis: Epidemics
A higher number of expected cases of an infectious disease occur within an area
Disease Prognosis: Pandemic
Involve a higher number of infectious diseases in many regions of the globe
Disease Prognosis: Communicable Diseases
Infectious disease that can spread from one person to another
Disease Prognosis: Notifiable or reportable diseases
- Must be reported by the physician to designated authorities
- Authority varies with local jurisdiction
- Required diseases to be reported may change over time
- Reporting is intended to prevent further spread of the disease
Cellular Adaptations: : Atrophy
- Decrease in the size of cells
- >results in reduced tissue mass
Cellular Adaptations: Hypertrophy
- Increase in cell size
- > Results in enlarged tissue mass
Cellular Adaptations: Hyperplasia
- Increased number of cells
- > results in enlarged tissue mass
Cellular Adaptations: Metaplasia
Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
Cellular Adaptations: Dysplasia
Cells vary in size and shape within a tissue
Cellular Adaptations: Anaplasia
Undifferentiated cells, within variable nuclear and cell structures
Cellular Adaptations: Neoplasia
“New growth” - commonly called tumor
Cell Damage: Apoptosis
- Refers to programmed cell death
- > Normal occurrence in the body
Cell Damage: Ischemia
Deficit of oxygen in the cells
Cell Damage: Hypoxia
- Reduced oxygen in tissues
- Nutritional deficits
Cell Damage: Pyroptosis
Results in lysis causing nearby inflammation
Cell Damage: Physical damage
- excessive heat or cold
- radiation exposure
Cell Damage: Mechanical damage
Pressure or tearing of tissue
Cell Damage: Chemical toxins
- Exogenous: From environment
- Endogenous: From inside the body
Cell Damage: Microorganisms
Bacteria and viruses, for example
Cell Damage: abnormal metabolites
- Genetic Disorders
- Inborn errors of metabolism
- altered metabolism
Necrosis
Dying cells cause further cell damage due to cellular disintegration
Necrosis: Liquefaction necrosis
dead cells liquefy because of release of cell enzymes
Necrosis: Coagulative necrosis
Cell proteins are altered or denatured–coagulation
Necrosis: Fat Necrosis
Fatty tissue broken down into fatty acids
Necrosis: Caseous necrosis
- Form of coagulation necrosis
- Thick, yellowish, “cheesy” substance forms
Necrosis: Infarction
Area of dead cells as a result of oxygen deprivation
Necrosis: Gangrene
Area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria
