Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HS 4330: Pathophysiology > Ch 1: Intro to Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Ch 1: Intro to Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment regardless of external changes
-> when homeostasis is maintained, good health is
generally maintained
-> when homeostasis is not maintained, disease
may develop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Health

A

Physical, mental, and social well-being

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Disease

A

Deviation from the normal state of homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Health Indicators

A

-“Normal” values occur within a range of values and may vary depending on the technology used for measurement.

  • Adjustments caused by the following:
  • > age
  • > gender
  • > genetics
  • > environment
  • > activity level
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Concept and Scope of Pathophysiology

A
  • Functional (physiologic) changes in the body as a result from disease
  • Uses knowledge of basic anatomy and physiology
  • Includes aspects of pathology, which describes structural changes in body tissues caused by disease.
  • Cause and effect relationships, defined by signs and symptoms, guide the study of a specific disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Prevention of Disease

A
  • Has become a primary focus in health care
    • > Maintaining routine vaccination programs
    • > Participation in screening programs
    • > Community health programs
    • > Regular routine doctor visits
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Stages of Research Process

A

Stage 1:
->”Basic Science”
->Identification of technology to be used
->Word done in the laboratory
->might require animal or cell/tissue cultures
Stage 2:
->Small number of human subjects
Stage 3:
->Clinical trials
->Involving a large number of patients with the disease or risk of the disease
->”Double blind studies”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Medical History

A
  • Current and prior illnesses
  • Allergies
  • Hospitalizations
  • Treatment
  • Specific difficulties
  • Any type of therapy or drugs
    • > prescriptions
    • > nonprescriptions
    • > herbal items, including food supplements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Basic Terminology: Gross Level

A

Organ or system level (Ex: organs, tissues, and body cavities)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Basic Terminology: Microscopic Level

A

Cellular Level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Basic Terminology: Biopsy

A

Excision of small amounts of living tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Basic Terminology: Autopsy

A

Examination of the body and organs after death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Disease Process: Diagnosis

A

Identification of a basic disease

- > Evaluation of signs and symptoms 
- > Laboratory tests
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Disease Process: Etiology

A

Causative factors in a particular disease

  • > Congenital defects
  • > inherited or genetic disorders
  • > microorganisms
  • > Immunologic dysfunctions
  • > Degenerative Changes
  • > Malignancy
  • > Metabolic, nutritional problems
  • > Trauma, burns, environmental factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Causes of Disease: Idiopathic

A

Cause of disease is unknown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Causes of Disease: Iatrogenic

A

Error/treatment/procedure may cause the disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Causes of Disease: Predisposing Factors

A

Age, gender, inherited factors, environmental, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Causes of Disease: Prophylaxis

A

Preserve health; prevent spread of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Causes of Disease: Prevention

A

Vaccinations; dietary/lifestyle modifications; prevention of potentially harmful activities, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Characteristics of Disease: Pathogenesis

A

Development of the disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Characteristics of Disease: Onset of disease

A
  • Sudden/acute

- Insidious: gradual, vague or mild signs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Characteristics of Disease: Acute disease

A
  • Short-term, develops quickly

- High fever, severe pain, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Characteristics of Disease: Chronic disease

A
  • Develops gradually

- Milder symptoms, often intermitted with acute episodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Characteristics of Disease: Subclinical state

A

Pathologic changes, no obvious manifestations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Characteristics of Disease: Latent State

A
  • No symptoms or clinical signs evident

- In infectious diseases; incubation period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Characteristics of Disease: Prodromal period

A
  • Early development of the disease

- Signs are nonspecific or absent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Characteristics of Disease: Manifestations

A
  • Clinical evidence with signs and symptoms
    • > Local: at the site of the problem
    • > Systemic: general indicators of illness, i.e. fever
28
Q

Characteristics of Disease: Remissions and exacerbations

A
  • Mar the course or progress of a disease
    • > Remission: Period which manifestations subside
    • > Exacerbation: a worsening of severity
29
Q

Characteristics of Disease: Precipitating Factor

A

Condition that triggers an acute episode

30
Q

Characteristics of Disease: Complications

A

New secondary or additional problems

31
Q

Characteristics of Disease: Therapy

A

Measure to promote recovery/slow progress

32
Q

Characteristics of Disease: Sequelae

A

Potential unwanted outcomes

33
Q

Characteristics of Disease: Convalescence or rehabilitation

A

Period of recovery and return to healthy state

34
Q

Disease Prognosis: Morbidity

A

Disease rates within a group

35
Q

Disease Prognosis: Mortality

A

Relative number of deaths resulting from the disease

36
Q

Disease Prognosis: Autopsy

A

Postmortem examination

37
Q

Disease Prognosis: Epidemiology

A
  • Tracking the pattern or occurrence of disease

- Major data collection centers: Who and CDC

38
Q

Disease Prognosis: occurrence of disease- incidence and prevalence

A
  • Incidence: Number of NEW cases in a given population within a given time period
  • Prevalence: Number of NEW, OLD, or EXISTING cases within a given population and time period
39
Q

Disease Prognosis: Epidemics

A

A higher number of expected cases of an infectious disease occur within an area

40
Q

Disease Prognosis: Pandemic

A

Involve a higher number of infectious diseases in many regions of the globe

41
Q

Disease Prognosis: Communicable Diseases

A

Infectious disease that can spread from one person to another

42
Q

Disease Prognosis: Notifiable or reportable diseases

A
  • Must be reported by the physician to designated authorities
  • Authority varies with local jurisdiction
  • Required diseases to be reported may change over time
  • Reporting is intended to prevent further spread of the disease
43
Q

Cellular Adaptations: : Atrophy

A
  • Decrease in the size of cells

- >results in reduced tissue mass

44
Q

Cellular Adaptations: Hypertrophy

A
  • Increase in cell size

- > Results in enlarged tissue mass

45
Q

Cellular Adaptations: Hyperplasia

A
  • Increased number of cells

- > results in enlarged tissue mass

46
Q

Cellular Adaptations: Metaplasia

A

Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type

47
Q

Cellular Adaptations: Dysplasia

A

Cells vary in size and shape within a tissue

48
Q

Cellular Adaptations: Anaplasia

A

Undifferentiated cells, within variable nuclear and cell structures

49
Q

Cellular Adaptations: Neoplasia

A

“New growth” - commonly called tumor

50
Q

Cell Damage: Apoptosis

A
  • Refers to programmed cell death

- > Normal occurrence in the body

51
Q

Cell Damage: Ischemia

A

Deficit of oxygen in the cells

52
Q

Cell Damage: Hypoxia

A
  • Reduced oxygen in tissues

- Nutritional deficits

53
Q

Cell Damage: Pyroptosis

A

Results in lysis causing nearby inflammation

54
Q

Cell Damage: Physical damage

A
  • excessive heat or cold

- radiation exposure

55
Q

Cell Damage: Mechanical damage

A

Pressure or tearing of tissue

56
Q

Cell Damage: Chemical toxins

A
  • Exogenous: From environment

- Endogenous: From inside the body

57
Q

Cell Damage: Microorganisms

A

Bacteria and viruses, for example

58
Q

Cell Damage: abnormal metabolites

A
  • Genetic Disorders
  • Inborn errors of metabolism
  • altered metabolism
59
Q

Necrosis

A

Dying cells cause further cell damage due to cellular disintegration

60
Q

Necrosis: Liquefaction necrosis

A

dead cells liquefy because of release of cell enzymes

61
Q

Necrosis: Coagulative necrosis

A

Cell proteins are altered or denatured–coagulation

62
Q

Necrosis: Fat Necrosis

A

Fatty tissue broken down into fatty acids

63
Q

Necrosis: Caseous necrosis

A
  • Form of coagulation necrosis

- Thick, yellowish, “cheesy” substance forms

64
Q

Necrosis: Infarction

A

Area of dead cells as a result of oxygen deprivation

65
Q

Necrosis: Gangrene

A

Area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria

HS 4330: Pathophysiology (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions