Ch. 1 History And Intro Flashcards
Why do we care about this following statement: I think therefore I am who believes it
Descartes who was a duelist believed that there was irrefutable truth to that statement if you doubt you’re thinking then you are thinking and doubt is a form of thinking
What is the study of knowing?
Epistemology
Earliest psychologists used introspective reports about how they thought-this was metacognition. What type of report was this, and in whose lab were they thinking about their own perceptions?
This refers to Phenomology. They practiced this in Wundtz lab
Was John Locke a rationalist or an empiricist? What is Tabula Rasa?
John Locke was an empiricist and believed that you acquire knowledge through observation Tabula Rossa refers to people being born a blank slate
Berkeley is considered what? What did he believe we cannot trust?
He believe that we learn through observations, and that we create __________ from simple ________to create complex ____ __ __________ __________? Why is this still an empiricist view?
Berkeley was an associationist who believe that we cannot always trust our observations. He believes that we create associations from simple perceptions to create complex knowledge structures.
It’s still in empiricist view because they believe in adding different forms of observations.
Which philosopher came up with categories of understanding? Explain what this is.
Immanuel Kant came up with a combination of empiricist and rationalistic views. He believes that we fill up the categories of understanding with observations and that some of these categories such as time physical form are innate.
Which psychophysicist practice cognitive psychology before it even existed. what were they interested in?
Gustav Fechnet and weber.
They were interested in the relationship between external stimuli and our internal perceptions.
What did von hemHoltz calculate?
He calculated the speed of nerve conduction he calculated that tt
He nerve signals to our brain was traveling between 100 to 200 miles an hour
Damage to the brocas area affect what where is brocas area located?
Damage to wernikes area affect what where is wernikes area located?
Damage to brocas causes speech and language production problems. It is included in the left frontal lobe.
Damage to Wernickes area affects language comprehension a listener will have a hard time due to the unrelated string of words called word salad.
What did Donders trying to calculate? Process of test and calculation? What did he conclude?
Donders measured reaction time and how long it takes to make a decision.
First subjects had to press one button when A light came on, this was the simple reaction time. Then he had subjects choose a left or right light where one light came on and that was the choice reaction time.
He subtracted the simple and Choice reaction time and concluded that it takes a 10th of a second to make a decision.
What was Wuntz approach? What is the belief of this approach? How is he connected to Tichenor and why is 1879 a very important date?
Wundts approach was called structuralism. According to structuralism our overall experience is determined by combining basic elements of experience the structuralists called sensations.
Titchener was a student who formalized structuralism.
In 1879 he created the first psychology lab.
What was ebbenhaus known for?
Explain his testing process.
What were some issues with his experiment?
What did we learn from his experiment?
He was known for the forgetting curve.
He studied memory and forgetting curve of how likely you are to forget something he concluded about two days.
He used a measure called savings which was the original time to learn a list minus time to relearn a list after the delay.
There was an issue of experimenters bias– he was his only subject. He tried to stop contamination by using is nonsensical syllables. Mnemonics proves that meaning is integral to memory.
Thw savings curve was important because it demonstrated that memory could be quantified and functions like this savings curve could be used to describe the property of the mind in this case the ability to retain information.
What do we know about William James and what did he coin? What is his best know observation?
William James wrote the first psychology textbook mostly his thoughts and he coined the “stream of consciousness”. He is considered the father of American psychology.
His most famous observation is on the nature of attention and how paying attention to one thing involves withdrawing from other things.
John Watson was a famous behavioral list what sort of conditioning did he practice and what did he apply this conditioning to? What is the main point of this conditioning?
He practiced classical conditioning. His most famous case includes Little Albert who after just six pairings was conditioned to react fearfully to white rats. The main point of classical conditioning is how pairing one stimulus such as the loud noise presented to Albert with another previously neutral stimulus such as the rat can cause changes in response to the neutral. stimulus.
Who’s mantra was the whole is greater than the sum of the parts? Which approach is this a contradiction to? Who are some of the proponents in the school of thought?
Gestalt is the school of thought in which the mantra is the “whole is greater than the sum of its parts.” They believed that perception is more than just adding components up.
Werheimer and Kohler was a proponent.
Gestalt school of thought went against structuralists where the whole is the perception (where you add up all of the components to make it whole).
What did behavioral believe about Tolman?
Toman believed the rats formed a cognitive map. Behavioralist believe that the rats were just condition to turn a specific way and because we have no way of observing the rats thoughts behaviors believe he was making an inference.
However because the rats continue to turn correctly when the map was disoriented they still believe that cognitive mapping worked.
Who is connected to the war of the ghost story? What does this psychologist believe?
Bartlett believed that memory is constructive it’s not like I’m recording you can playback it is a constructive process.
What was Lashley’s criticism of behavioralism? How was he connected to Gestalt?
Lashley was not sure how you could explain planning ahead of time or problem solving these things are difficult to explain with just behavioral conditioning. This was in line with Gestalt principle who also believed the same.
Who is BF Skinner what are some of his connections?
BF Skinner was a behavioral list he was in empiricist believed in nature he is connected to operate conditioning and is associated with Watson
Who believed it took 1/10 of a second to make a decision?
Finders
Cognitive psychology is all about inference.
True
How is Ebbinghause and Donders connected
They both measured behavior to determine a property of the mind.
Why did Wundtz analytic introspection not work? What was he trying to do with analytic introspection? How did he train his subjects?
Wundtz analytic introspection did not work because it appears that everybody’s send sensations can be described differently.
Wyndtz asked participants to describe their experience of hearing you five no cord played on the piano one of the questions he hoped answer was whether his subjects were able to hear each other individual notes.
What is happening during information processing approach? Who is connected to this approach and what came of his approach?
Some psychologist proposed the information processing as the operation of the mind that can be described as occurring in number of stages.
Donald Broadbent propose the first flow diagram of the mind. This diagram represents what happens in a persons mind when directing attention to one stimulus in the environment.
His flow diagram provided a way to analyze the operation of the mind in terms of a sequence of processing stages and proposed a model that could be tested further.
