Ch. 1 History Flashcards
Soranus
Greek physician
2nd century
Father of obstetrics
Podalic version
- what is it
- who discovered it
rotating the fetus to a breech position, used for twins
-Soranus
Karl Crede
19th century
instilling 2% silver nitrate into eyes to prevent blindness from gonorrhea
Ignaz Semmelweis
19th century
deduced that puerperal fever was septic, contagious and transmitted by poor hand hygeine
Lois Pasteur
French chemist
confirmed that puerperal fever is caused by bacteria
Joseph Lister
british surgeon
introduced antiseptic surgery
Hippocrates
wrote about illnesses peculiar to children
In the middle ages when did children become adults
age 7
Saint Vincent de Paul
founded children’s asylums that later became hospitals
First children’s hospital
Paris 1802
Children’s Aid Society
NYC 1853
cared for homeless children
First Pediatric hospital in united states
1855 Children’s hospital of Philadelphia
Abraham Jacobi
Father of pediatrics
Samuel Bard
1807
Wrote the first american textbook for midwives
Oliver Wendell Holmes
wrote a paper on contagious nature of puerperal fever
American Nurses Association
develop standards of practice
Sheppard-Towner Act of 1912
1921
gives funds for state-managed maternity care
Title V of the social security act
1935
gives funds for maternity care
Fair labor standards act
1938
child labor laws
National institutes of Health (NIH)
1962
established support for maternity research and education
Head start programs where started when?
1966
WIC program was started
1966
National center for family planning was started
1970
The child abuse prevention and treatment act (CAPTA) was started when
1974
Education for all handicapped children act
1975
gives support and public education to handicapped children
Title V amendment of the public health services act
1981
established maternal-infant care centers in public clinics
What was founded in 1982
Community mental health center and missing children’s act
Family and medical leave act of 1993 (FMLA)
allows for 12 weeks unpaid leave to care for newborns or sick family members without losing benefits or pay status
Title XIX of the medicaid program
1993
increased access to care by indigent women
when was HIPPA established
2003
health information technology for economic and clinical health act (HITECH)
2009
extends on Hippa to include electronic health records
Patient protection and affordable care act
2010
expanded health care coverage to millions of americans
American health care act (AHCA)
2017
executive order made it replace ACA
Lillian Wald
1912
- nurse who established federal children’s bureau
- founded henry street settlement that brought home health to poor children
What did the children’s bureau do
focused on infant mortality
led to birth registration
developed hot lunch programs in schools
what does the children’s bureau fall under
the department of health and human services
Theodore Roosevelt
called the first conference on children and youth in 1909
President hoover
1930
helped write the children’s charter
President Clinton and George W Bush
focused on early childhood development, missing and exploited children and school safety
International Year of the child
1979
focus attention on critical needs of children world wide
What does the department of public health do
- inspects water, milk and food
- enforces proper sewage and garbage disposal
- investigates and handles epidemics
- inspects housing
- offers services like WIC to mothers and babies
What situations are reportable
- illness that pose a threat to the public
- -food-borne, TB, STD
- suspected child abuse
- suicidal behavior
Cost containment
efficient and effective use of resources
How long can someone stay in hospital following vaginal birth? Cesarean?
48 hr
4 days
when should the follow up be for newborn
within 2 weeks
First school of nurse-midwifery
NYC 1932
Certified nurse-midwife (CNM)
RN who graduated from midwife progam and is nationally certified with american college of nurse-midwives
what is the job of a CNM
provide prenatal and postnatal care and attend uncomplicated deliveries.
ensure there is a backup physician in case of problems
Genomics
the study of genes with focus on how they interact with each other and the enviorment
Gene Augmentation
therapeutic or missing gene is combined with a virus that can enter the infant’s system
Gene replacement therapy
New genes are combined with viruses that can enter the genome
Diagnosis-related groups (DRGs)
medicare system that determines payment for hospital stay based on diagnosis
Managed care
combines financing with health care for members
use a monthly capitation fee
has contracts with hospitals to give healthcare with reviews for cost
Health maintenance organization (HMO)
health services with fixed premium
Preferred provider organization (PPO)
contracts with providers for discounted fee-for-service basis for members
Utilization review
checks if health care services are appropriate and give guidelines for treatment to achieve better cost
What should you do if you think the child’s best interest are not being met
take the problem to the multidisciplinary team
document your efforts and directions given
Mainstream
the process of integrating a disabled child into society
Full inclusion
expansion of the mainstream policy
Who should be included in advance directives for children
family, medical team, the child if they are older
what do clinical nurse specialist (CNS) do
- work in hospitals or community for patients needing specialized care
- conduct primary research
- facilitate necessary changes in health care management
Advance practice nurses
- PNP and CNS
- RN with advance degree
What is the nursing process
- Assessment: collect data
- Diagnosis: examine data and identify nursing needs
- Planning: design plan of care
4: outcomes identification: figure out expected pt outcome - implementation: carrying out the plan
- evaluation: check progress and redesign plan if needed
Nursing care plan
picture of typical clinical situation that may be seen by nurse
Collection
collecting data on patient to solve mystery or problem
Nursing diagnosis
identify problems and prioritize them
Clinical pathways
collaborative guidelines that define multidisciplinary care in terms of outcomes on a timeline
variances
deviations from the recovery goals
birth rate
number of live births per 1000
fertility rate
number of births per 1000 women age 15 to 44
fetal mortality rate
number of fetal deaths (fetuses weighing 500 g or more) per 1000 live births
infant mortality rate
number of deaths in infant under 1 yo per 1000 live births
maternal mortality rate
number of deaths per 1000 directly resulting from pregnancy (including 42-days after birth)
neonatal mortality rate
number of deaths in infants less than 28 days per 1000
perinatal mortality rate
both fetal and neonatal deaths per 1000
SBAR
- Situation: status of pt
- Background: history that may influence care
- Assessment: analysis of problem
- Recommendation: current need and outcome goals
Quality and safety education for nurses (QSEN)
2005
assures that all nurses have knowledge, skills and attitudes (KSA) needed
Six competencies of QSEN
- client-centered care
- teamwork and collaboration
- evidence-based practice
- quality improvement
- safety
- informatics
How many prenatal visits should a normal pregnant woman have
13
Global nursing caucus (GNC)
2011
group of US nurses that share info on global health to improve care around the world
ABCDEs
Airway Breathing Circulation Disability Exposure
DEF
Distress
Emotional support
Family
Margaret Sanger
Public health nurse who opened access to care for poor pregnant women
Who is included in the home health team for disabled children
- pediatrician
- RN and LPN
- Occupational, physical and respiratory therapist
- speech therapist
- home teachers
- social workers
- home health aides
Gestational programming
during pregnancy nutrition, hormones and in utero environment alter the physiology and gene expression in offspring
Prenatal iodine supplementation
eliminated cretinism
Prenatal supplementation of folic acid
reduces neural tube defects like spina bifida
What increases risk for cardiac diseases and hypertension in adulthood
low birth weight with rapid growth in childhood
what increases risk of stroke in adulthood
low birth weight that continues through childhood
corticosteriods
prevent premature labor but, increase risk of cardiovascular and renal problems in adulthood and negatively effect learning, cognitive development and emotional development and behavior in older child
High ingestion of licorice
verbal disability and personality problems as adult
Antibiotics during pregnancy or C-section
obesity as adult because it alters normal microbiota in gut
what leads to adult-onset cardiovascular disease in offspring, how can it be avoided
poor insulin sensitivity and obesity in pregnancy
exercise and diet
