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Pathoma > Ch. 1: Growth Adaptations, Cellular Injury, Cell Death > Flashcards

Ch. 1: Growth Adaptations, Cellular Injury, Cell Death Flashcards

1
Q

What causes a growth adaptation?

A

An increase, decrease, or change in stress on an organ

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2
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in size of cells of organ

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3
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in number of cells of organ

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4
Q

How does hypertrophy occur?

A

Gene activation, protein synthesis, and production of organelles

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5
Q

How does hyperplasia occur?

A

Production of new cells from stem cells

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6
Q

What tissues can only undergo hypertrophy? Why?

A

Permanent tissues (cardiac, muscle, skeletal muscle) because they cannot make new cells.

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7
Q

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) exception?

A

Pathologic hyperplasia doesn’t increase risk of prostate cancer.

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8
Q

Atrophy

A

Decrease in stress leading to decrease in organ size via a decrease in size and number of cells.

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9
Q

How does decrease in cell size occur?

A

Ubiquitin-proteosome degradation (UPD) of cytoskeleton and autophagy of cellular components

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10
Q

How does UPD occur?

A

Intermediate filaments of cytoskeleton are “tagged” with ubiquitin and destroyed by proteosomes

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11
Q

How does autophagy occur?

A

Generate autophagic vacuoles that fuse with lysosomes with hydrolytic enzymes.

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12
Q

Metaplasia

A

Change in cell type better able to handle a new stress.

Reversible in theory.

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13
Q

What does metaplasia involve?

A

Commonly a change of one type of surface epithelium (squamous, columnar, or urothelial) to another.

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14
Q

How does metaplasia occur?

A

Reprogramming of stem cells which produce new cell type.

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15
Q

Dysplasia

A

Disordered cell growth usually from persistent pathologic hyperplasia.

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16
Q

When does dysplasia become irreversible?

A

When it progresses to carcinoma

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17
Q

Aplasia

A

Failure of cell production during embryogenesis

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18
Q

Hypoplasia

A

Decrease in cell production during embryogenesis, resulting in relatively small organ.

19
Q

What is Potter Syndrome an example of?

A

Lung Hypoplasia

20
Q

When does cellular injury occur?

A

When stress exceeds the cell’s ability to adapt

21
Q

Ischemia

A

Decreased blood flow through an organ causing a shortage of oxygen.

22
Q

What does likelihood of injury depend on?

A

Type of stress, severity, and type of cell.

ie neurons more affected by ischemia than skeletal muscle

23
Q

What are common causes of cellular injury?

A

Inflammation, nutritional deficiency or excess, hypoxia, trauma, genetic mutations

24
Q

Hypoxia

A

Low oxygen delivery to tissue

25
Q

How does hypoxia cause cellular injury?

A

No oxygen to accept electron in ETC leading to decreased ATP

26
Q

Three causes of hypoxia?

A

Ischemia, hypoxemia, decreased O2-carrying capacity in blood.

27
Q

Hypoxemia

A

Low partial pressure of oxygen in blood

28
Q

What partial pressure of oxygen is considered hypoxemia?

A

PaO2 < 60 mm Hg

29
Q

What four circumstances can cause hypoxemia?

A

High altitude, hypoventilation, diffusion defect, and V/Q mismatch.

30
Q

What is a diffusion defect?

A

A thicker diffusion barrier prevents normal amount of O2 pushed into blood

31
Q

What are the two types of V/Q mismatch?

A

1) Circulation problem - Blood bypasses oxygenated lung

2) Ventilation problem - oxygenated air cannot reach blood

32
Q

What causes decreased O2-carrying capacity?

A

Hemoglobin loss or dysfunction

33
Q

Classic finding of carbon monoxide poisoning?

A

Cherry-red appearance of skin

34
Q

Earliest sign of CO exposure?

A

Headache

35
Q

Three example of hemoglobin loss/dysfunction

A

1) Anemia (decrease in RBC mass)
2) CO poisoning
3) Methemoglobinemia

36
Q

What is Methemoglobinemia?

A

Iron oxidized to Fe3+ which CAN’T bind O2

Fe2+ binds O2

37
Q

Two places you see methemoglobinemia?

A

1) Oxidant stress (sulfa or nitrate drugs)

2) In newborns

38
Q

Hallmark of reversible injury?

A

Cellular swelling

39
Q

Hallmark of irreversible injury?

A

Membrane damage

40
Q

Two results of plasma membrane damage?

A

1) Cytosolic enzymes leaked into serum

2) More Ca2+ into cell

41
Q

Two results of mitochondrial membrane damage?

A

1) Lose ETC (inner membrane).

2) Cytochrome c leaking into cytosol

42
Q

What does cytochrome c in cytosol signal?

A

Apoptosis

43
Q

Result from lysosome membrane damage?

A

Hydrolytic enzymes leaking into cytosol activated by high intracellular Ca

44
Q

End result of irreversible injury?

A

Cell death

Pathoma (1 decks)

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