Ch 1: Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards
1
Q
Cell surface membrane controls _______
A
Exchange of materials
2
Q
It is partially _________
A
permeable
3
Q
Formed from a _________________ of _____________
A
- Phosopholid bilayer
- Phospholipids
4
Q
Diameter of cell surface membrane?
A
10 micrometres
5
Q
Cell wall provides _________
A
Structural support
6
Q
___________, narrow threads of cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane, connect the __________ of neighbouring plant cells
A
- Plasmodesmata
- Cytoplasm
7
Q
Structural support is given by __________ cellulose in plants and _________ in most bacterial cells
A
- polysaccharide
- peptidoglycan
8
Q
Nucleus is present in all ________ cells
A
eukaryotic
9
Q
Relatively _______ and separated from cytoplasm by the ________
A
- large
- nuclear envelope
10
Q
___________ are important channels that allow mRNA and ribosome to travel out, and enzymes and ATP molecules to come in
A
- Nuclear pores
11
Q
Contains _______, the same way a cell has cytoplasm
A
Nucleoplasm
12
Q
Nucleus has ________, material that chromosomes are made of
A
chromatin
13
Q
Has __________, darkly stained regions, which are sites of ribosome production
A
nucleolus
14
Q
Chromatin is made of _________ and __________
A
- heterochromatin
- Euchromatin
15
Q
Heterochromatin is _________ and less/no _________
Euchromatin is the __________
A
- tightly packed
- transcription
- opposite
16
Q
Mitochondria is the site of __________ and synthesis of _________
A
- aerobic respiration
- lipids
17
Q
Only visible with a __________
A
light microscope
18
Q
__________ is formed by the ________-membrane surrounding the folded _______-membrane
A
- cristae
- double (-membrane)
- inner
19
Q
_______ is formed by cristae and contains _________ needed for aerobic respiration, producing ATP
A
- matrix
- enzymes
20
Q
__________ and _________ are found in the matrix for ________
A
- mitochondrial dna
- ribosomes
- replication
21
Q
Size of mitochondria
A
1 micrometre
22
Q
Space between the 2 membranes is the __________
A
- intermembrane space
23
Q
Cells with high demand for energy (liver and muscle cells) have _________
A
- a lot of mitochondria
24
Q
Reactions take place in the ________ and __________
A
- matrix solution
- cristae
25
inner membrane is ________
permeable
26
Chloroplasts have __________
thylakoids
27
Thylakoids have ________ and they stack to form _________
- chlorophyll
- grana
28
Grana are joined by _______
lamellae
29
Lamellae
thin and flat thylakoid membranes
30
What are the 2 stages of photosynthesis?
- light dependent stage
- light independent stage
31
Light dependent stage takes place in the _________
thylakoids
32
Light independent stage takes place in _________
stoma
33
Chloroplasts has small _________
circular pieces of DNA and ribosomes
34
What are the circular pieces of DNA and ribosomes function?
Synthesize proteins needed for chloroplast replication and photosynthesis
35
Ribosomes are found in the ________ of most cells
cytoplasm
36
Each ribosome is a complex of __________
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
37
_______ are found in eukaryotic cells
80s ribosomes
38
__________ are in prokaryotes, mitochondria and chloroplasts
70s ribosomes
39
S units stand for
Svedberg
40
S units with higher values ________
sediment faster
41
The 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum are ________ and _________
- RER (Rough Endoplasmc Reticulum)
- SER (Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum)
42
RER has a surface ____________
covered in ribosomes
43
Formed from ________ along with the nuclear envelope
continuous folds of membrane
44
SER has ________ on the surface
no ribosomes
45
The role of SER
- producing lipids and steroids, such as cholesterol and oestrogen and testosterone.
- MAJOR storage site for calcium ions
- responsible for drug metabolism in the liver
46
size of endoplasmic reticulum
25 micrometer
47
Golgi apparatus is made of flattened stack of sacks called __________
cisternae
48
Formation of golgi vesicles
- ER synthesises protein
- protein moves out and into the golgi apparatus
- golgi vesicles form
49
Function of golgi apparatus
- collects and processes proteins from the RER
- after, molecules are transported in golgi vesicles to other parts of the cell or outside
- turns golgi vesicles into lysosomes
- glycoproteins and glycolipids are formed and are used for cell signalling
- golgi enzymes are involved in the synthesis of new cells during plant cell division
- goblet cells release mucin from the golgi apparatus, which is used to make mucus
50
Structure of lysosomes include a ________ membrane and have a size of __________ micrometres. They contain ________ enzymes
- single
- 0.1 to 0.5
- hydrolytic
51
Breaks down _________
waste materials like worn out organelles
52
Endocytosis: cells __________ from outside of the cell by _______ them in a vesicle
- take in substances
- engulfing
53
Exocytosis: cells ____________ of the cell exterior for extracellular digestion
move materials out
54
Self digestion: ___________ through the action of __________
- destruction of a cell
- its own enzymes
55
microtubules makes up the _______ of the cell
cytoskeleton
56
size of microtubules
25 micrometers (in diameter)
57
Made up of alpha and beta _______
tubulin
58
Alpha and beta tubulin combine to form ________.
dimers
59
Dimers join to form _______
protofilaments
60
_________ in a cylinder make a microtubule
13 protofilaments
61
Cytoskeleton provides___________
support and movement of the cell
62
they display a _______ pattern
helical
63
secretory vesicles and other organelles________ of the surface of the microtubules, _________
- can travel outside
- forming an intracellular transport system
64
during nuclear division, they're ________________
- used to separate chromatids or chromosomes
65
they form part of the structure of ________
centrioles
66
2 _______ appear outside the nucleus of animal cells
centrioles
67
They _________ at right angles in a region known as the __________
- lie close together
- centrisome
68
Size of centriole
500 micrometers long
69
A centriole is a ________ about 500 micrometers long, formed ____________
- hollow cylinder
- from a ring of short microtubules
70
Each centriole contains ___________ of microtubules
9 triplets
71
centrioles needed for __________
cilia production
72
centrioles found at the base of the ___________, known as ___________
- cilia and flagella
- basal bodies
73
Centrioles act as MTOCs
Microtubule Organising Centres
74
Microtubules that extend from the basal bodies into the cilia are ______________ of those organelles
important for the beating movement
75
CILIA and FLAGELLA are _______
identical
76
they are _______________ of many eukaryotic cells
whip-like, beating extensions
77
Composed of over ________
600 different peptides
78
The complexity in the cilia and flagella results in __________ of how they beat
very fine control
79
Cilia have ___________ and ____________ on the outside known as the _____________
- 2 central microtubules
- a ring of 9 microtubule doublets (MTD)
- 9 + 2 structure
80
Each MTD has an ___________
a and b microtubule attached
81
The wall of A microtubulues has a ______________
complete ring of 13 protofilaments
82
The wall of B microtubule has an __________
incomplete ring of 10 protofilaments
83
A microtubules have ___________
These are made up of the protein _______
- inner and outer arms
- dynein
84
Dynein connect with the _____________ during beating
B microtubules of nearby MTDs
85
_________ is the cylindrical structure inside the cell membrane
Axoneme
86
The second stage uses the energy generated during the first stage to _____________
convert CO2 into sugars
87
The _______ is a structure found at the ________
They're ________ in structure to the centriole
- basal body
- base of each cillium and flagellum
- identical
88
Centrioles _________ to produce basal bodies
replicate themselves
89
Cilia and flagella ________ from basal bodies
grow
90
The beating motion occurs as a result of _________________
dynein arms making contact with and moving along neighboring microtubules
91
Beating cilia maintain a flow of mucus which ______________
removes debris like dust and bacteria from the respiratory tract
92
cilia and flagella are _________ identical but different in __________ and ____________
- structurally
- function
- length
93
Composed of over ___________, which results in ___________ of how they beat
-- 600 diff. polypeptides
- very fine control
94
Cilia have 2 ________ and a ring of _____________ on the outside known as the '9 + 2' structure
- central microtubules
- 9 microtubule doublets
95
Each microtubule doublet has an __________
A and B microtubule attached
96
The wall of the A microtubulue has a _____________
complete ring of 13 protofilaments
97
The B microtubule has an _______________
incomplete ring of 10 protofilaments
98
A microtubulues have _________s that are made up of the protein, _______
- inner and outer arms
- dynein
99
__________ is the cylindrical structure inside the cell membrane
- Axoneme
100
the __________ is a structure found at the base of each cilium and flagellum. (they're identical in structure to the centriole)
basal body
101
cilia and flagella _____ from basal bodies
grow
102
The beating motion occurs as a result of __________________
dynein arms making contact with and moving along neighboring microtubules
103
During the first stage, __________ [CHLOROPLASTS}
light is primarily absorbed by chlorophyll
104
Stroma
Cytoplasm of the plant cells
105
Lipid droplets are seen in the stroma. What are they?
They are lipid reserves for making membranes or are formed by the breakdown of internal membranes as the chloroplast ages
106
Vacuole have a high solution concentration that allows water to enter via osmosis and causes a build up of pressure that _________
helps support the plants stems that lack wood
107
Vacuoles contain __________ and act as ______
- hydrolases
- lysosomes
108
Vacuoles store __________
food reserves or mineral salts and waste products
109
Cell walls contain 2 walls known as the __________
primary and secondary walls
110
Primary walls consists of ____________ which runs through a matrix of other polysaccharides such as pectins
parallel fibres of cellulose
111
Cellulose fibres are _________ and have ___________
- inelastic
- high tensile strength
112
Secondary wall are ____________ added to the primary layer
extra layers of cellulose
113
the addition of _________ strengthens and reinforces the rigidity of a cell wall
lignin
114
different layer orientation of cellulose fibres help determine the ____________ as it grows
cell shape
115
__________ is the system of interconnected cell walls in a plant (it is a major transport route for water and inorganic ions.)
Apoplast
