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AS level biology > Ch 1: Eukaryotic Cells > Flashcards

Ch 1: Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell surface membrane controls _______

A

Exchange of materials

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2
Q

It is partially _________

A

permeable

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3
Q

Formed from a _________________ of _____________

A
  • Phosopholid bilayer
  • Phospholipids
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4
Q

Diameter of cell surface membrane?

A

10 micrometres

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5
Q

Cell wall provides _________

A

Structural support

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6
Q

___________, narrow threads of cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane, connect the __________ of neighbouring plant cells

A
  • Plasmodesmata
  • Cytoplasm
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7
Q

Structural support is given by __________ cellulose in plants and _________ in most bacterial cells

A
  • polysaccharide
  • peptidoglycan
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8
Q

Nucleus is present in all ________ cells

A

eukaryotic

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9
Q

Relatively _______ and separated from cytoplasm by the ________

A
  • large
  • nuclear envelope
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10
Q

___________ are important channels that allow mRNA and ribosome to travel out, and enzymes and ATP molecules to come in

A
  • Nuclear pores
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11
Q

Contains _______, the same way a cell has cytoplasm

A

Nucleoplasm

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12
Q

Nucleus has ________, material that chromosomes are made of

A

chromatin

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13
Q

Has __________, darkly stained regions, which are sites of ribosome production

A

nucleolus

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14
Q

Chromatin is made of _________ and __________

A
  • heterochromatin
  • Euchromatin
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15
Q

Heterochromatin is _________ and less/no _________
Euchromatin is the __________

A
  • tightly packed
  • transcription
  • opposite
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16
Q

Mitochondria is the site of __________ and synthesis of _________

A
  • aerobic respiration
  • lipids
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17
Q

Only visible with a __________

A

light microscope

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18
Q

__________ is formed by the ________-membrane surrounding the folded _______-membrane

A
  • cristae
  • double (-membrane)
  • inner
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19
Q

_______ is formed by cristae and contains _________ needed for aerobic respiration, producing ATP

A
  • matrix
  • enzymes
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20
Q

__________ and _________ are found in the matrix for ________

A
  • mitochondrial dna
  • ribosomes
  • replication
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21
Q

Size of mitochondria

A

1 micrometre

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22
Q

Space between the 2 membranes is the __________

A
  • intermembrane space
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23
Q

Cells with high demand for energy (liver and muscle cells) have _________

A
  • a lot of mitochondria
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24
Q

Reactions take place in the ________ and __________

A
  • matrix solution
  • cristae
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25
Q

inner membrane is ________

A

permeable

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26
Q

Chloroplasts have __________

A

thylakoids

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27
Q

Thylakoids have ________ and they stack to form _________

A
  • chlorophyll
  • grana
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28
Q

Grana are joined by _______

A

lamellae

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29
Q

Lamellae

A

thin and flat thylakoid membranes

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30
Q

What are the 2 stages of photosynthesis?

A
  • light dependent stage
  • light independent stage
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31
Q

Light dependent stage takes place in the _________

A

thylakoids

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32
Q

Light independent stage takes place in _________

A

stoma

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33
Q

Chloroplasts has small _________

A

circular pieces of DNA and ribosomes

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34
Q

What are the circular pieces of DNA and ribosomes function?

A

Synthesize proteins needed for chloroplast replication and photosynthesis

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35
Q

Ribosomes are found in the ________ of most cells

A

cytoplasm

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36
Q

Each ribosome is a complex of __________

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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37
Q

_______ are found in eukaryotic cells

A

80s ribosomes

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38
Q

__________ are in prokaryotes, mitochondria and chloroplasts

A

70s ribosomes

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39
Q

S units stand for

A

Svedberg

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40
Q

S units with higher values ________

A

sediment faster

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41
Q

The 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum are ________ and _________

A
  • RER (Rough Endoplasmc Reticulum)
  • SER (Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum)
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42
Q

RER has a surface ____________

A

covered in ribosomes

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43
Q

Formed from ________ along with the nuclear envelope

A

continuous folds of membrane

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44
Q

SER has ________ on the surface

A

no ribosomes

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45
Q

The role of SER

A
  • producing lipids and steroids, such as cholesterol and oestrogen and testosterone.
  • MAJOR storage site for calcium ions
  • responsible for drug metabolism in the liver
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46
Q

size of endoplasmic reticulum

A

25 micrometer

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47
Q

Golgi apparatus is made of flattened stack of sacks called __________

A

cisternae

48
Q

Formation of golgi vesicles

A
  • ER synthesises protein
  • protein moves out and into the golgi apparatus
  • golgi vesicles form
49
Q

Function of golgi apparatus

A
  • collects and processes proteins from the RER
  • after, molecules are transported in golgi vesicles to other parts of the cell or outside
  • turns golgi vesicles into lysosomes
  • glycoproteins and glycolipids are formed and are used for cell signalling
  • golgi enzymes are involved in the synthesis of new cells during plant cell division
  • goblet cells release mucin from the golgi apparatus, which is used to make mucus
50
Q

Structure of lysosomes include a ________ membrane and have a size of __________ micrometres. They contain ________ enzymes

A
  • single
  • 0.1 to 0.5
  • hydrolytic
51
Q

Breaks down _________

A

waste materials like worn out organelles

52
Q

Endocytosis: cells __________ from outside of the cell by _______ them in a vesicle

A
  • take in substances
  • engulfing
53
Q

Exocytosis: cells ____________ of the cell exterior for extracellular digestion

A

move materials out

54
Q

Self digestion: ___________ through the action of __________

A
  • destruction of a cell
  • its own enzymes
55
Q

microtubules makes up the _______ of the cell

A

cytoskeleton

56
Q

size of microtubules

A

25 micrometers (in diameter)

57
Q

Made up of alpha and beta _______

A

tubulin

58
Q

Alpha and beta tubulin combine to form ________.

A

dimers

59
Q

Dimers join to form _______

A

protofilaments

60
Q

_________ in a cylinder make a microtubule

A

13 protofilaments

61
Q

Cytoskeleton provides___________

A

support and movement of the cell

62
Q

they display a _______ pattern

A

helical

63
Q

secretory vesicles and other organelles________ of the surface of the microtubules, _________

A
  • can travel outside
  • forming an intracellular transport system
64
Q

during nuclear division, they’re ________________

A
  • used to separate chromatids or chromosomes
65
Q

they form part of the structure of ________

A

centrioles

66
Q

2 _______ appear outside the nucleus of animal cells

A

centrioles

67
Q

They _________ at right angles in a region known as the __________

A
  • lie close together
  • centrisome
68
Q

Size of centriole

A

500 micrometers long

69
Q

A centriole is a ________ about 500 micrometers long, formed ____________

A
  • hollow cylinder
  • from a ring of short microtubules
70
Q

Each centriole contains ___________ of microtubules

A

9 triplets

71
Q

centrioles needed for __________

A

cilia production

72
Q

centrioles found at the base of the ___________, known as ___________

A
  • cilia and flagella
  • basal bodies
73
Q

Centrioles act as MTOCs

A

Microtubule Organising Centres

74
Q

Microtubules that extend from the basal bodies into the cilia are ______________ of those organelles

A

important for the beating movement

75
Q

CILIA and FLAGELLA are _______

A

identical

76
Q

they are _______________ of many eukaryotic cells

A

whip-like, beating extensions

77
Q

Composed of over ________

A

600 different peptides

78
Q

The complexity in the cilia and flagella results in __________ of how they beat

A

very fine control

79
Q

Cilia have ___________ and ____________ on the outside known as the _____________

A
  • 2 central microtubules
  • a ring of 9 microtubule doublets (MTD)
  • 9 + 2 structure
80
Q

Each MTD has an ___________

A

a and b microtubule attached

81
Q

The wall of A microtubulues has a ______________

A

complete ring of 13 protofilaments

82
Q

The wall of B microtubule has an __________

A

incomplete ring of 10 protofilaments

83
Q

A microtubules have ___________
These are made up of the protein _______

A
  • inner and outer arms
  • dynein
84
Q

Dynein connect with the _____________ during beating

A

B microtubules of nearby MTDs

85
Q

_________ is the cylindrical structure inside the cell membrane

A

Axoneme

86
Q

The second stage uses the energy generated during the first stage to _____________

A

convert CO2 into sugars

87
Q

The _______ is a structure found at the ________
They’re ________ in structure to the centriole

A
  • basal body
  • base of each cillium and flagellum
  • identical
88
Q

Centrioles _________ to produce basal bodies

A

replicate themselves

89
Q

Cilia and flagella ________ from basal bodies

A

grow

90
Q

The beating motion occurs as a result of _________________

A

dynein arms making contact with and moving along neighboring microtubules

91
Q

Beating cilia maintain a flow of mucus which ______________

A

removes debris like dust and bacteria from the respiratory tract

92
Q

cilia and flagella are _________ identical but different in __________ and ____________

A
  • structurally
  • function
  • length
93
Q

Composed of over ___________, which results in ___________ of how they beat

A

– 600 diff. polypeptides
- very fine control

94
Q

Cilia have 2 ________ and a ring of _____________ on the outside known as the ‘9 + 2’ structure

A
  • central microtubules
  • 9 microtubule doublets
95
Q

Each microtubule doublet has an __________

A

A and B microtubule attached

96
Q

The wall of the A microtubulue has a _____________

A

complete ring of 13 protofilaments

97
Q

The B microtubule has an _______________

A

incomplete ring of 10 protofilaments

98
Q

A microtubulues have _________s that are made up of the protein, _______

A
  • inner and outer arms
  • dynein
99
Q

__________ is the cylindrical structure inside the cell membrane

A
  • Axoneme
100
Q

the __________ is a structure found at the base of each cilium and flagellum. (they’re identical in structure to the centriole)

A

basal body

101
Q

cilia and flagella _____ from basal bodies

A

grow

102
Q

The beating motion occurs as a result of __________________

A

dynein arms making contact with and moving along neighboring microtubules

103
Q

During the first stage, __________ [CHLOROPLASTS}

A

light is primarily absorbed by chlorophyll

104
Q

Stroma

A

Cytoplasm of the plant cells

105
Q

Lipid droplets are seen in the stroma. What are they?

A

They are lipid reserves for making membranes or are formed by the breakdown of internal membranes as the chloroplast ages

106
Q

Vacuole have a high solution concentration that allows water to enter via osmosis and causes a build up of pressure that _________

A

helps support the plants stems that lack wood

107
Q

Vacuoles contain __________ and act as ______

A
  • hydrolases
  • lysosomes
108
Q

Vacuoles store __________

A

food reserves or mineral salts and waste products

109
Q

Cell walls contain 2 walls known as the __________

A

primary and secondary walls

110
Q

Primary walls consists of ____________ which runs through a matrix of other polysaccharides such as pectins

A

parallel fibres of cellulose

111
Q

Cellulose fibres are _________ and have ___________

A
  • inelastic
  • high tensile strength
112
Q

Secondary wall are ____________ added to the primary layer

A

extra layers of cellulose

113
Q

the addition of _________ strengthens and reinforces the rigidity of a cell wall

A

lignin

114
Q

different layer orientation of cellulose fibres help determine the ____________ as it grows

A

cell shape

115
Q

__________ is the system of interconnected cell walls in a plant (it is a major transport route for water and inorganic ions.)

A

Apoplast

AS level biology (2 decks)

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