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Pharmacology > Ch. 1- Drug Action > Flashcards

Ch. 1- Drug Action Flashcards

1. Differentiate the 3 phases of drug action. 2. Discuss the 2 processes that occur before tablets are absorbed into the body. 3. Describe the 4 processes of pharmacokinetics. 4. Explain the meaning of pharmacodynamics, dose response, maximal efficacy, the receptor, and nonreceptors in drug action. 5. Define the terms: protein-bound drug, half-life, therapeutic index, therapeutic drug range, and drug toxicity. 6. Check drugs for half-life, percentage of protein-binding effect, therapeutic r

1
Q

What are the 4 processes that compose the pharmacokinetic phase?

A
  1. Absorption
  2. Distribution
  3. Metabolism (biotransformation)
  4. Excretion (elimination)
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2
Q

Which 3 types of drug administration do not involve a pharmaceutic phase?

A
  1. SubQ
  2. IM
  3. IV
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3
Q

In which phase does a biologic or physiologic response result?

A

The pharmacodynamic phase

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4
Q

What are absorbed faster: lipid-soluble & nonionized drugs, or water-soluble & ionized drugs?

A

Lipid-soluble & nonionized drugs

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5
Q

List 5 factors that alter bioavailability.

A
  1. Drug Form
    ~ tablet, capsule, sustained-release, liquid, transdermal patch, rectal suppository, inhalation
  2. Route of Administration
    ~ oral, rectal, topical, parenteral
  3. GI mucosa and motility
  4. Food and other drugs
  5. Changes in liver metabolism
    ~ liver dysfunction, inadequate hepatic blood flow
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6
Q

What 3 factors are distribution affected by?

A
  1. Protein-binding
  2. Blood flow
  3. Drug’s affinity to tissue
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7
Q

What protein are drugs primarily bound to in the body?

A

Albumin

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8
Q

Drugs that are active and can cause a pharmacological response are termed what?

A

Free Drugs (drugs not bound to proteins)

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9
Q

Where is e primary site of drug metabolism?

A

The liver

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10
Q

Drugs that are transformed into active metabolites cause an _______ __________ _________.

A

Increased pharmacological response

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11
Q

How can undesirable drug side effects be managed? List 3 ways.

A
  1. Dosage adjustments
  2. Changing to a different drug in same class
  3. Implementing other interventions
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12
Q

What is Rate Limiting?

A

The amount of time it takes a drug to disintegrate and dissolve to become available for the body to absorb it.

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13
Q

Where does digestion of enteric-coated drugs take place?

A

The alkaline environment of the small intestine.

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14
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

The process of dry movement to achieve drug action.

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15
Q

What is absorption?

A

The movement of drug particles from the G.I. tract to body fluids by passive absorption, active absorption, or pinocytosis.

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16
Q

What happens to protein-based drugs such as insulin and growth hormones in the small intestine?

A

They’re destroyed by digestive enzymes.

17
Q

How does passive absorption of a drug occur?

A

Mostly by diffusion (movement from higher concentration to lower concentration). With this process, the drug does not require energy move across the membrane.

18
Q

What does active absorption of a drug require?

A
  1. A carrier, such as an enzyme or protein, to move the drug across the concentration gradient.
  2. Energy
19
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

The process by which cells carry a drug across a membrane by engulfing the drug particles.

20
Q

Which drugs pass rapidly through the G.I. membrane and which ones require a carrier?

A

Drugs that are lipid soluble pass rapidly through the G.I. membrane. Water soluble drugs need a carrier call, either enzyme or protein.

21
Q

What type of drug is absorbed faster: IM or SubQ?

A

IM

22
Q

What is bioavailability?

A

The percentage of the administered drug dose that reaches the systemic circulation.

23
Q

What is distribution?

A

The process by which the drug becomes available to body fluids and body tissues.

24
Q

What is the half-life of a drug?

A

The time it takes for one half of the drug concentrations to be eliminated from the body.

25
Q

Which two processes affect a drug’s half-life?

A
  1. Metabolism

2. Elimination

26
Q

Peak levels indicate the rate of _____ of the drug and trough levels indicate the rate of _______ of the drug.

A
  1. Absorption

2. Elimination

27
Q

What is loading dose?

A

When immediate drug response is desired, a large initial dose of the drug is given.

This achieves a rapid minimum effective concentration in the plasma.

After a large initial dose, the prescribed dosage per day is ordered.

28
Q

What are side effects?

A

Physiologic effects not related to the desired drug effects.

29
Q

Which are more severe: side effects or adverse reactions?

A

Adverse reactions

30
Q

What are the 3 phases of drug action?

A
  1. Pharmaceutics
  2. Pharmacokinetics
  3. Pharmacodynamics
31
Q

What are two forms of pharmaceutics?

A
  1. Solid form

2. Liquid form

32
Q

What are 4 aspects of pharmacodynamics?

A 
1. Drug action: 
~ onset 
~ peak
~ duration
2. Receptors
3. Enzymes
4. Hormones
33
Q

What is pharmacogenetics?

A

The scientific discipline studying how the effect of a drug action varies from a predicted drug response because of genetic factors are predatory influence.

34
Q

What does tolerance refer to?

A

A decreased responsiveness over a course of therapy

35
Q

What is tachyphylaxis?

A

A rapid decrease in response to a drug

~ In essence, it is an acute tolerance.

36
Q

What are 4 drug categories that can cause tachyphylaxis?

A
  1. Narcotics
  2. Barbiturates
  3. Laxatives
  4. Psychotropic agents
37
Q

What is a placebo effect?

A

A psychological benefit from a compound that may not have the chemical structure of a drug effect.

~ affective in approximately 1/3 of person to take one

38
Q

What four pieces of information must a nurse know in order to avoid toxic effects?

A
  1. Half-life
  2. Protein binding percentage
  3. Normal side effects
  4. Therapeutic ranges

Pharmacology (6 decks)

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