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Bushong Radiology Physics > Ch. 1 Concepts of radiologic science > Flashcards

Ch. 1 Concepts of radiologic science Flashcards

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1
Q

All things can be classified as…

A

matter or energy

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2
Q

Define matter

A

anything that occupies space and has mass

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3
Q

All physical objects are composed of…

A

matter

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4
Q

All matter is composed of foundational building blocks called

A

atoms

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5
Q

Define mass.

A

A primary, distinguishing characteristic of matter that is the quantity of matter contained in any physical object

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6
Q

Define weight

A

the force exerted on a body under the influence of gravity

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7
Q

Mass is measured in..

A

kg

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8
Q

What are the fundamental, complex building blocks of matter?

A

atoms and molecules

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9
Q

1 kg is equal to…

A

1000 grams

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10
Q

What is the unit of energy in radiology?

A

eV (electron volt)

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11
Q

Define energy

A

the ability to do work

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12
Q

Define chemical energy

A

energy released by a chemical reaction

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13
Q

Name an example of chemical energy

A

biochemistry..the type of energy is provided to our bodies through chemical reactions involving the foods we eat.

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14
Q

Define electrical energy

A

the work that can be done when an electron moves through an electric potential difference (voltage)

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15
Q

What is electric potential difference?

A

voltage

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16
Q

Define thermal energy

A

the energy of motion at the molecular level. It is the kinetic energy of molecules and is closely related to temperature.

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17
Q

What is nuclear energy?

A

the energy that is contained within the nucleus of an atom

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18
Q

What is an example of the uncontrolled release of nuclear energy?

A

the atomic bomb

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19
Q

Define electromagnetic energy

A

Oscillating electric and magnetic fields that travel in a vacuum with the velocity of light. Includes x-rays, gamma rays, and some nonionizing radiation (such as ultraviolet, visible, infrared, and radio waves.)

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20
Q

What is the least familiar form of energy?

A

electromagnetic energy

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21
Q

What kind of energy is used in x-rays?

A

electromagnetic energy

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22
Q

What are types of electromagnetic energy?

A

x-rays, radio waves, microwaves, ultraviolet light, infrared light, and visible light

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23
Q

Can energy be transformed from one type to another?

A

yes

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24
Q

Explain how energy can be transformed in the production of an x-ray.

A

electrical energy produces electromagnetic energy in the machine which is converted to chemical energy in the film or electrical signal in a digital image receptor.

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25
Q

What is the mass-energy equivalence equation?

A

E=mc2

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26
Q

Energy emitted and transferred through space is called…

A

radiation

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27
Q

Visible light, a form of electromagnetic energy, is radiated by the sun and is called…

A

electromagnetic radiation

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28
Q

Matter that intercepts radiation and absorbs part or all of it is called….

A

exposed or irradiated

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29
Q

When a patient is exposed to radiation, they are said to be…

A

irradiated

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30
Q

Define ionizing radiation

A

any type of radiation that is capable of removing an orbital electron from the atom with which it interacts.

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31
Q

Interaction between radiation and matter is called…

A

ionization

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32
Q

Ionization occurs when…

A

an x-ray passes close to an orbital electron of an atom and transfers sufficient energy to the electron to remove it from the atom

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33
Q

What is an ion pair?

A

the orbital electron and the atom from which it was separated. The electron is a negative ion, and the remaining atom is a positive ion.

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34
Q

What is the transfer of energy?

A

radiation

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35
Q

What is the removal of an electron from an atom called?

A

ionization

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36
Q

What are the only forms of electromagnetic radiation with sufficient energy to ionize?

A

x-rays, gamma rays, and ultraviolet light

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37
Q

Other than electromagnetic radiation, what can also ionize?

A

Some fast moving particles (particles with kinetic energy)

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38
Q

What are examples of particle type ionizing radiation?

A

alpha and beta particles

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39
Q

What are the 2 categories of ionizing radiation?

A

natural environmental radiation and man made radiation

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40
Q

What is the annual dose of natural environmental radiation?

A

3 mSv

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41
Q

What is the annual dose of man made radiation?

A

3.2 mSv

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42
Q

What is the unit of effective dose?

A

mSv

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43
Q

What does the unit dose mSv express?

A

it is used to express radiation exposure of populations and radiation risk in those populations.

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44
Q

What are the 4 components of natural environmental radiation?

A

cosmic rays, terrestrial radiation, internally deposited radionuclides, and radon

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45
Q

What are cosmic rays?

A

particulate and electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun and stars

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46
Q

On Earth, how do cosmic rays intensify?

A

with altitude and latitude

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47
Q

Where does terrestrial radiation result?

A

deposits of uranium, thorium, and other radionuclides in the Earth.

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48
Q

What does the intensity of terrestrial radiation rely on?

A

the geology of the local area

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49
Q

What is the largest source of natural environmental radiation?

A

radon

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50
Q

What is radon?

A

a radioactive gas that is produced by the natural radioactive decay of uranium that is present in trace quantities in the Earth.

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51
Q

All Earth based materials contain…

A

Radon

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52
Q

What does radon emit?

A

alpha particles

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53
Q

Alpha particles are penetrating..T or F?

A

F, they are not penetrating so they only contribute dose to the lung

54
Q

Natural environment radiation results in how much microgray/hr?

A

0.02 to 0.1 microgray/hr at waist level which equals 0.2 milligray/yr at the gulf elevations and 1 mGy/yr in the Rocky Mountains.

55
Q

What makes up the largest man made source of ionizing radiation?

A

diagnostic x-rays at 3.2 mSv/yr

56
Q

Why was there such an increase in man made ionizing radiation between the years 1990-2006?

A

It was caused because of CT and high level fluoro

57
Q

What is the currently accepted approximate annual dose that results from medical applications of ionizing radiation?

A

3.2 mSv

58
Q

What % of our annual average radiation dose is attributable to medical imaging?

A

51%

59
Q

cathode rays are also called…

A

electrons

60
Q

When did Roentgen discover x-rays?

A

November 8, 1895

61
Q

What was the plate coated with when Roentgen discovered the rays?

A

barium platinocyanide

62
Q

What type of material is barium platinocyanide?

A

fluorescent

63
Q

Who received the first Nobel Prize in physics?

A

Roentgen in 1901

64
Q

In 1896 Roentgen published the 1st medical x-ray. What was it?

A

His wife’s hand

65
Q

What are the 3 types of x-ray examination?

A

radiography, fluoroscopy, and CT

66
Q

To provide an x-ray beam that is satisfactory for imaging, you must supply the x-ray tube with a high what?

A

voltage and electric current

67
Q

How are x-ray voltages measured?

A

in kVp

68
Q

How are x-ray currents measured?

A

mA

69
Q

Who invented the fluoroscope?

A

Thomas Edison in 1898

70
Q

Radiology emerged as a medical specialty because of…

A

the Snook transformer and the Coolidge x-ray tube

71
Q

What were the early reports of radiation injury?

A

skin damage, hair loss, and anemia

72
Q

What does ALARA stand for?

A

As Low As Reasonably Achievable

73
Q

What are metal filters usually made of?

A

aluminum or copper

74
Q

The use of intensifying screens reduce patient exposure by how much vs. non use?

A

95%

75
Q

What are the 3 base quantities of measure in physics?

A

Mass, length, and time

76
Q

Secondary quantities of measure are also called

A

derived quantities

77
Q

Why is the term derived quantities used?

A

Because they are derived from the 3 base quantities

78
Q

In radiologic science, special quantities are considered…

A

exposure, dose, effective dose and radioactivity

79
Q

The second (s) is based on…

A

the vibration of atoms of cesium

80
Q

When working on problems or reporting answers, what should always be used?

A

the same system of units

81
Q

Volume=?

A

V=lwh

82
Q

The dimensions of a box are 30cm x 86cm x 4.2m. Find the volume

A

V = (0.3m)(0.86m)(4.2m) = 1.1m^3

83
Q

Find the mass density of a solid box 10cm on each side with a mass of 0.4kg.

A 
D = m/v
change 10cm to 0.1m
= 0.4 kg/(0.1m x 0.1m x 0.1m)
= 0.4 kg/0.001m^3
= 400kg/m^3
84
Q

A 9” thick patient has a coin placed on the skin. The SID is 100cm. What will be the magnification of the coin?

A 
M = SID/SOD
M = 100cm/100cm-9"
M = 100cm/100cm - (9" x 2.54 cm/in)
M = 100cm/100cm - (23cm)
M = 100cm/77cm
M = 1.3
The image of the coin will be 1.3 times the size of the coin
85
Q

Define velocity

A

the measure of how fast something is moving or , the rate of change of its position with time

86
Q

Velocity = ? (formula)

A

V = d/t

87
Q

What is the velocity of a ball that travels 60m in 4s?

A 
v = 60m/4s
v = 15m/s
88
Q

Light is capable of traveling 669 million miles in 1 hour. What is its velocity in SI units?

A 
v = 6.69x10^8 mi/hr x 1609 m/mi/3600 s/hr
v = 2.99 x 10^8 m/s
89
Q

The velocity of light is constant and is symbolized by…

A

c

90
Q

Average velocity = ?

A

Average velocity = initial velocity + final velocity/2

91
Q

Define acceleration

A

The rate of change of velocity with time

92
Q

acceleration = ? (formula)

A

a = final velocity - initial velocity/ time

93
Q

What is Newton’s first law?

A

Inertia-a body will remain at rest or will continue to move with constant velocity in a straight line unless acted on by an external force

94
Q

inertia is..

A

the property of matter that acts to resist a change in its state of motion

95
Q

What is Newton’s second law?

A

Force-the force (F) that acts on an object is equal to the mass (m) of the object multiplied by the acceleration (a) produced.

96
Q

Force = ? (formula)

A

F = ma

97
Q

Find the force on a 55kg mass accelerated at 14 m/s^2.

A

(55kg)(14 m/s^2)

F = 770N

98
Q

For a 3600 lb (1636kg) Mustang to accelerate at 15 m/s^2, what force is required?

A 
F = ma
F = (1636 kg)(15 m/s^2)
F = 24,540 N
99
Q

What is Newton’s 3rd law?

A

Action/reaction-for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

100
Q

Weight is the product of…

A

mass and the acceleration of gravity on Earty

101
Q

Weight = ? (formula)

A

mg

102
Q

What is the unit for weight

A

N or lb

103
Q

A student has a mass of 75 kg. What is her weight on the Earth? On the moon?

A 
Earth = 9.8 m/s^2
Wt = mg
Wt = 75kg (9.8 m/s^2)
Wt = 735 N
Moon = 1.6 m/s^2
Wt = mg
Wt = 75 kg (1.6 m/s^2)
Wt = 120 N
104
Q

Define momentum

A

The product of the mass of an object and its velocity

105
Q

Formula for momentum?

A

p=mv

106
Q

Work= ? (formula)

A

W = fd

107
Q

What is the unit for work?

A

Joule (J)

108
Q

Find the work done in lifting an infant patient weighing 90 N (20 lb) to a height of 1.5m.

A 
W = fd
W = (90 N)(1.5m)
W = 135 J
109
Q

Define power

A

The rate of doing work

110
Q

Power = (formula)

A

P = work/t = Fd/t

111
Q

What is the unit for power?

A

J/s which is also a watt (W)

112
Q

A radiographer lifts a 0.8kg cassette from the floor to the top of a 1.5m table with an acceleration of 3 m/s^2. What is the power exerted if it takes 1.0 s?

A

Multistep problem:
P=work/t
W=Fd
F=ma

F=ma
=(0.8 kg)(3 m/s^2)
= 2.4 N

W=Fd
=(2.4 N)(1.5m)
= 3.6 J

P=work/t
= 3.6 J/1.0s
= 3.6 W

113
Q

What is the formula for kinetic energy?

A

KE=1/2 mv^2

114
Q

What is the formula for potential energy?

A

PE=mgh

115
Q

Define heat

A

the kinetic energy of the random motion of molecules

116
Q

What is the unit of heat?

A

calorie

117
Q

Define calorie

A

the heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1 degree C

118
Q

How is heat transferred?

A

By conduction, convection, and radiation

119
Q

Define conduction

A

the transfer of heat through a material or by touching

120
Q

Define convection

A

the mechanical transfer of hot molecules in a gas or liquid from one place to another

121
Q

Define thermal radiation

A

the transfer of heat by the emission of infrared radiation

122
Q

An x-ray tube cools primarily by…

A

radiation

123
Q

Convert 77 degree F to Celsius

A

C = 5/9 (F-32)
= 5/9 (77-32)
=5/9(45)
= 25 degrees Celsius

124
Q

Method to go from F to C and vise versa.

A

From F to C - subtract 30 and divide by 2

From C to F - double and then add 30

125
Q

What is Air Kerma?

A

Kinetic energy transferred from photons to electrons during ionization and excitation

126
Q

What is the unit of measure for Air Kerma?

A

Gy

127
Q

1 J/kg is how many Gy?

A

1

128
Q

What is absorbed dose?

A

radiation energy absorbed per unit mass and has units of J/kg or Gy

129
Q

For a given air kerma, the absorbed dose depends on…

A

the type of tissue being irradiated.

130
Q

Occupational radiation monitoring devices are analyzed in terms of….

A

Sv

131
Q

Sv is used to express..

A

the quantity of radiation received by radiation workers and populations

Bushong Radiology Physics (12 decks)

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