Ch. 1 Class. Motor Skills Flashcards
motor skills
actions; activities or tasks that require voluntary head, body and limb movement to achieve a specific purpose or goal
motor learning emphasizes… (3)
- acquisition of motor skills
- performance enhancement of learned skills
- reacquisition of skills because of injury or disease
motor control is study of…
how our neuromuscular system functions to activate and coordinate muscles/limbs when learning new skill or perfoming well-learned skill
Example question…does the type of feedback an instructor gives to a person learning/relearning a motor skill influence how quickly and how well the skill is learned?
motor learning
Example question…are the movements of the arms and legs coordinated in similar ways when a person walks/runs at various speeds?
motor control
how do the elderly compare with young in terms of how quickly they can decide to move to avoid collision?
motor development
Motor skill performance is influenced by…(3)
- motor skill
- performance environment
- physical/cognitive characteristic of the person
skill
task that has specific purpose or goal to achieve; i.e. piano playing
cognitive skill
mental activity that includes decision making, problem solving, remembering; i.e. multiplication
A motor skill needs to have… (4)
- a goal to achieve (action goal)
- performed voluntarily
- requires head/body/limb movement
- learned/relearned
movements
behavioral characteristic of the head, body, combo of limbs
One-dimension classification systems (3)
- size of primary musculature required
- specificity of where movements of a skill begin and end
- stability of the environmental context
Gross motor skills
require use of large musculature to achieve goal of the skills: walking, jumping
fine motor skills
require control of small muscles to achieve goal of skill; hand/eye coordination: typing, sewing, hand writing
discrete motor skills
specified beginning and end points usually require a simple movement: flipping a light witch, kicking a ball
continuous motor skills
arbitrary beginning and end points; repetitive movements: walking swimming, steering a car
serial motor skills
continuous series of discrete skills; shifting gears in a stick shift
closed motor skill environment context
stationary supporting surface, object, other people; performer determines when to begin action; i.e. picking up a cup while seated at a table
open motor skill environment context
involve supporting surface, object or other people IN MOTION; environment determines when to begin action; i.e. catching a thrown ball and adapting to its demands
environment context involves three features…
- supporting surface
- objects involved
- other people involved
Gentile’s Two-dimension of the taxonomy has two environmental context characteristics…
- regulatory conditions-environment control movement characteristic of action
- intertrial variability-whether regulatory conditions during performance are the same or different from one attempt to another; i.e. present when walking through room and clutter is different every time
2D taxonomy function of the action… (2)
- body orientation-either body stability (maintain location i.e. archery) or body transport-change location actively (walking) or passively (standing still on moving bus)
- object manipulation- from change of the position of an object (swinging a bat)
complexity increases on Taxonomy when motor skill involves one or more of…
- open environment
- trial-to-trial variability
- object to manipulate
- body transport
practical uses of Gentil’s Taxonomy
- Guide for eval motor performance capabilities/limitations/deficiencies
- for progress what activities increase performance capabilities/overcome performance deficiencies
- chart person’s progress
primary musculature required
large and small muscles required; i.e. pitching a baseball, shooting an arrow; putting a golf ball
