Ch 1 - Characteristics of Organisms, Levels of Structural Organization, Body Systems, Regions of Body, Cavities, Core Principles

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

Study of the structure and form of the human body.

Question 2

Physiology

Answer 2

Study of body’s functions

Question 3

Cell

Answer 3

Smallest unit that can carry out functions of life

Question 4

Chemicals

Answer 4

Substances with unique molecular composition that are used and made in chemical processes.

Question 5

Chemicals

Answer 5

Substances with unique molecular composition that are used and made in chemical processes.

Question 6

Metabolism, Anabolism, Catabolism

Answer 6

Sum of the body’s functions, Functions that combine small chemicals to larger, Functions that break down larger chemicals to smaller.

Question 7

Excretion

Answer 7

Release of waste products

Question 8

Responsiveness/Irritability

Answer 8

Sense or reaction to environmental stimuli

Question 9

Movement and Reproduction

Answer 9

Motion, and also the ability to recreate or pass down other organisms from the parent.

Question 10

Chemical Layer

Answer 10

First Level, from atoms to molecules.

Question 11

Cellular Level

Answer 11

Second level, groups of molecules that have structures and functions.

Question 12

Tissue Level

Answer 12

Third level, Groups of similar cells and extracellular matrix (outside material) that have a common purpose

Question 13

Organ level

Answer 13

Fourth level, groups of two or more tissues that create a recognizable shape and perform a specialized function.

Question 14

Organ system level

Answer 14

Fifth level, Body organs grouped together that carry out a broad body function (i.e. cardiovascular system)

Question 15

Organism level

Answer 15

Sixth and last level, organ systems that work together to form a working body

Question 16

Integumentary System

Answer 16

Consists of the skin, hair and nails, this system protects, creates vitamin D, retains water within the body, and regulates body temperature

Question 17

Skeletal System

Answer 17

Consists of bones and joints, this system supports the mass of the body, protects the organs, provides leverage for movement, creates blood cells, and stores calcium salts

Question 18

Muscular Systems

Answer 18

Consists of skeletal muscles, the system provides movement, controls body openings, and generates body heat.

Question 19

Nervous System

Answer 19

Consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves; this system regulates body functions allows sensation, movement, automatic functions, and higher mental thoughts and impulses

Question 20

Endocrine System

Answer 20

Hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thalamus gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, and ovaries/testes. Regulates body functions and also function of muscles, glands, and other tissues through hormones

Question 21

Cardiovascular System

Answer 21

Consists of heart and blood vessels; this system delivers oxygen from lungs to tissue, removes waste, and transports cells, nutrients, and other substances around the body.

Question 22

Lymphatic System

Answer 22

Tonsils, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymphatic cells - Releases excess tissue liquid, provides immunity against microorganisms.

Question 23

Respiratory System

Answer 23

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs - Delivers oxygen to blood, removes carbon dioxide, maintains the pH of blood.

Question 24

Digestive System

Answer 24

Mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, liver, stomach, gall bladder, pancreas, large and small intestine - Digests food, absorbs nutrients to blood, removes food waste, maintains fluid, electrolyte, and pH balance.

Question 25

Urinary System

Answer 25

Kidney, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra - Removes metabolic waste, maintains fluid, electrolyte, pH balance, stimulates blood cell production.

Question 26

Reproductive System

Answer 26

Male: Prostate gland, ductus deferens, testis, penis - Produces sperm, hormones, and has sexual functions Female: Mammary glands, uterine tube, ovaries, uterus, vagina - Makes and moves oocytes (eggs), fetal development, childbirth, lactations, secretes hormones, and has sexual functions.

Question 27

Anatomic Position

Answer 27

Upright, feet are shoulder-width apart, upper limbs spread at sides, palms facing forward.

Question 28

Directional Terms

Answer 28

``` Superior (Cranial) - Towards the head Inferior (Caudal) - Towards the tail Anterior (Ventral) - Towards the front Posterior (Dorsal) - Towards the back Proximal - Towards the point of origin Distal - Away from the point of origin. Medial - Towards or closer to the midline/inner side. Lateral - Farther away from midline or on the outer side. Superficial - Closer to the surface Deep - Further below the surface ```

Question 29

Regions of the Body

Answer 29

Frontal View (Top Down): Cephalic, Thoracic, Sternal, Abdominal, Pelvic, Inguinal, Pubic, Upper Limb, Manual, Palmar, Lower Limb, Pedal Head: Cranial, frontal, ocular, otic, nasal, buccal, oral, mental. Dorsal View: Occipital, Cervical, Dorsal, Vertebral, Lumbar, Sacral, Forearm, Gluteal, Thigh, Popliteal, Sural, Plantar. Sidearm: Acromial, axillary, brachial, antecubital, antebrachial, carpal, metacarpal, pollex, digital. Sideleg: Coxal, femoral, patellar, crural, tarsal, metatarsal, hallux, digital

Question 30

Different Types of Viewing Planes

Answer 30

Sagittal: Separates the body into left and right. Midsagittal is straight down middle while parasagittal creates uneven parts. Frontal/Coronal: Separates the body into Anterior and Posterior. Transverse/Horizontal/Cross: Separates the body into Superior and Inferior Parts.

Question 31

Body Cavities

Answer 31

Posterior: Cranial Cavity (Brain) and Vertebral Cavity (Spinal Cord) Anterior: Pleural Cavity (Lungs), Mediastinum (Heart, blood vessels, trachea, esophagus), Pericardial (Heart), Abdominal Cavity, Pelvic Cavity + Diaphragm [Thoracic Cavity -> Abdominopelvic Cavity]

Question 32

Regions of the Abdominopelvic Cavity

Answer 32

From #1-9: Right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region, right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region, right iliac region, hypogastric region, left iliac region

Question 33

Serous Membranes

Answer 33

Serous membranes are the thin sheets of tissues that form cavities, Serious fluids are like organ lube. Parietal membranes are on the outer region of the organ, while the visceral membranes are on the inside touching the organs. There's pleural, pericardial and peritoneal serous membranes. Intra- means inside, and retro- means outside of.

Question 34

Homeostasis

Answer 34

The body's ability to maintain a relatively stable, internal environment

Question 35

Feedback loops

Answer 35

Changes in regulated variable that feedback into another variable. The set point is the normal value. It goes from stimulus>receptor>control sensor>effectors. Negative goes in the opposite direction of the stimulus, while positive amplifies the stimulus received.

Question 36

Form.....

Answer 36

Form leads to function.

Question 37

Gradients

Answer 37

Differences in something, high areas and low areas.

Question 38

Cell-Cell Communication

Answer 38

Electrical or chemical signals that allow for cells to send messages.