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IGCSE Biology > Ch 1: Characteristics and Classifications of Living Organisms > Flashcards

Ch 1: Characteristics and Classifications of Living Organisms Flashcards

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1
Q

Are bacteria multicellular or unicellular?

A

Unicellular

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2
Q

Are plants and animals multicellular or unicellular?

A

Multicellular

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3
Q

What is the definition of movement?

A

An action caused by an organism or part of an organism, causing a change of place or position.

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4
Q

What is the definition of respiration?

A

Chemical reaction in cells that breaks down nutrient molecules to release energy for metabolism.

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5
Q

What is the definition of sensitivity?

A

The ability to detect internal and external stimuli, and make appropriate responses.

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6
Q

What is the definition of growth?

A

A permanent change in size and dry mass.

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7
Q

What is dry mass?

A

Total mass of an organism without its water.

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8
Q

What is reproduction?

A

A process that produces more of the same species.

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9
Q

What is excretion?

A

The removal from organisms of waste products of metabolism, toxic materials, and excess substances.

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10
Q

What is nutrition?

A

The taking in of materials and using them for energy, development, and growth.

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11
Q

What naming system is used to give organisms unique, specific names?

A

Binomial nomenclature.

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12
Q

What is the definition of species?

A

A group of organisms that reproduce a fertile offspring.

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13
Q

In the past, what was classification based on?

A

Morphology and anatomy.

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14
Q

What does the modern classification system use?

A

Studies of DNA (genetic material) and proteins.

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15
Q

What are the bases of DNA?

A

Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), and Guanine (G).

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16
Q

Where is the instructions for making proteins found?

A

DNA.

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17
Q

How many groups is the animal kingdom divided into? What are they?

A

2: Vertebrates and invertebrates.

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18
Q

How many types of vertebrates are there?

A

5: Mammals, fishes, birds, amphibians, reptiles.

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19
Q

How many types of invertebrates are there?

A

4: Insects, crustaceans, myriapods, arachnids.

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20
Q

Body covering of fish?

A

Moist scales.

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21
Q

Body covering of amphibians?

A

Moist skin.

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22
Q

Body covering of reptiles?

A

Dry scales.

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23
Q

Body covering of birds?

A

Feathers, legs with scales.

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24
Q

Body covering of mammals?

A

Hair and whiskers.

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25
Q

Types of eggs for fish?

A

Jelly-covered.

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26
Q

Types of eggs for amphibians?

A

Jelly-covered.

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27
Q

Types of eggs for reptiles?

A

Rubbery shell.

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28
Q

Types of eggs for birds?

A

Hard shell.

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29
Q

Where do fish lay eggs?

A

In water.

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30
Q

Where do amphibians lay eggs?

A

In water.

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31
Q

Where do reptiles lay eggs?

A

On land.

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32
Q

Where do birds lay eggs?

A

On land.

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33
Q

What limbs do fish have?

A

Fins.

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34
Q

What limbs do amphibians have?

A

Legs.

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35
Q

What limbs do reptiles have?

A

Legs.

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36
Q

What limbs do birds have?

A

Wings and legs.

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37
Q

What limbs do mammals have?

A

Legs.

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38
Q

Body temperature of fish?

A

Cold-blooded.

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39
Q

Body temperature of amphibians?

A

Cold-blooded.

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40
Q

Body temperature of reptiles?

A

Cold-blooded.

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41
Q

Body temperature of birds?

A

Warm-blooded.

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42
Q

Body temperature of mammals?

A

Warm-blooded.

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43
Q

What do fish have for gas exchange?

A

Gills.

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44
Q

What do amphibians have for gas exchange?

A

Skin and lungs.

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45
Q

What do reptiles have for gas exchange?

A

Lungs.

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46
Q

What do birds have for gas exchange?

A

Lungs.

47
Q

What do mammals have for gas exchange?

A

Lungs.

48
Q

Which groups of vertebrates can control their body temperature?

A

Birds and mammals.

49
Q

Why are reptiles, fish, and amphibians limited to their habitat?

A

They are cold-blooded, so they cannot adapt to environments with different temperatures.

50
Q

What are the common features of arthropods?

A
  1. Segmented body
  2. Jointed legs
  3. Hard exoskeleton
  4. Bilateral body symmetry
51
Q

How many pairs of limbs do insects have?

A

3

52
Q

How many pairs of limbs do arachnids have?

A

4

53
Q

How many pairs of limbs do crustaceans have?

A

5

54
Q

How many pairs of limbs do myriapods have?

A

10 and above.

55
Q

How many body parts do insects have?

A

3

56
Q

How many body parts do arachnids have?

A

2: cephlathorax and abdomen.

57
Q

How many body parts do crustaceans have?

A

2: cephlathorax and abdoment.

58
Q

How many body parts do myriapods have?

A

They have a cylindrical body that is not divided into distinct parts.

59
Q

How many pairs of antennae do insects have?

A

1

60
Q

How many pairs of antennae do arachnids have?

A

None.

61
Q

How many pairs of antennae do crustaceans have?

A

2

62
Q

How many pairs of antennae do myriapods have?

A

1

63
Q

How many pairs of eyes do insects have?

A

1 pair of compound eyes.

64
Q

How many pairs of eyes do arachnids have?

A

Several simple eyes.

65
Q

How many pairs of eyes do crustaceans have?

A

1 pair of compound eyes.

66
Q

How many pairs of eyes do myriapods have?

A

1 pair of simple eyes.

67
Q

How many groups is the plant kingdom divided into? What are they?

A

2: ferns and flowering plants.

68
Q

What are ferns?

A

Simple plants with no flowers or seeds.

69
Q

How do ferns reproduce?

A

Reproduce asexually by spores, which are structures that spread in the environment to give rise to a new plant.

70
Q

Do ferns have roots or a vascular system?

A

No.

71
Q

What is the vascular system made up of?

A

Xylem and phloem.

72
Q

How many groups are flowering plants divided into? What are they?

A

2: dicotyledons and monocotyledons.

73
Q

How many seeds do dicotyledons have?

A

2.

74
Q

How many seeds do monocotyledons have?

A

1.

75
Q

How many flower parts do dicotyledons have?

A

Multiples of 4 or 5.

76
Q

How many flower parts do monocotyledons have?

A

Multiples of 3.

77
Q

What is the leaf shape and veins of dicotyledons?

A

Wide leaves with branched veins.

78
Q

What is the leaf shape and veins of monocotyledons?

A

Narrow leaves with parallel veins.

79
Q

How is the vascular bundle organised in dicotyledons?

A

In rings.

80
Q

How is the vascular bundle organised in monocotyledons?

A

Scattered randomly.

81
Q

Roots in dicotyledons: fibrous or not fibrous?

A

Not fibrous.

82
Q

Roots in monocotyledons: fibrous or not fibrous.

A

Fibrous.

83
Q

What is a cotyledon?

A

A seed leaf within the embryo of a seed.

84
Q

Do fungi have nucleus?

A

Many nuclei.

85
Q

Do proctoctists have nucelus?

A

Present.

86
Q

Do prokaryotes have nucleus?

A

Absent.

87
Q

Do fungi have cellulose?

A

Present but not made of cellulose.

88
Q

Do protoctists have cellulose?

A

Present.

89
Q

Do prokaryotes have cellulose?

A

Present but not made of celullose.

90
Q

How many cells do fungi have?

A

Multicellular or unicellular.

91
Q

How many cells do protoctists have?

A

Unicellular.

92
Q

How many cells do prokaryotes have?

A

Unicellular.

93
Q

What type of nutrition are animals?

A

Consumers.

94
Q

What type of nutrition are plants?

A

Producers.

95
Q

What type of nutrition are fungi?

A

Consumers: enzymes released from the hyphae digest food on which the fungus grows. Digested nutrients are then absorbed into the body.

96
Q

What type of nutrition are protoctists?

A

Producers or consumers.

97
Q

What type of nutrition are prokaryotes?

A

Producers or consumers.

98
Q

Do fungi have cell organelles?

A

Present.

99
Q

Do protoctists have cell organelles?

A

Present.

100
Q

Do prokaryotes have cell organelles?

A

Absent.

101
Q

What type of reproduction do fungi do?

A

Asexual by spores or budding.

102
Q

What type of reproduction do protoctists do?

A

Asexual.

103
Q

What type of reproduction do prokaryotes do?

A

Asexual.

104
Q

Which kingdom do prokaryotes belong in?

A

Prokaryotes.

105
Q

Do bacteria have nucleus?

A

Absent.

106
Q

Which specific organelle do bacteria have?

A

Ribosomes.

107
Q

What type of chromosome do bacteria have?

A

Circular chromosome.

108
Q

What does the circular chromosome in bacteria for?

A

Made up of DNA to store genetic information.

109
Q

What is the cell wall in bacteria for?

A

It helps to prevent the bacteria from bursting.

110
Q

What is the capsule in bacteria for?

A

It is a slimy layer that helps the bacterium to stick to surfaces and helps to prevent the cell from dying out.

111
Q

What is the flagellum in bacteria for?

A

It allows bacteria to swim.

112
Q

Which is the only characteristic of life that viruses show?

A

Reproduction.

113
Q

What are the 2 body structures of a virus?

A

Genetic material that could be either DNA or RNA and protein coat that covers the genetic material.

114
Q
A

IGCSE Biology (2 decks)

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