Ch 1 Cellular Biology

Question 1

Define differentiation or maturation

Answer 1

process by which the cells become specialized

Question 2

Name the eight specialized cellular functions

Answer 2

1. movement
2. conductivity
3. metabolic absorption
4. secretion
5. excretion
6. respiration
7. reproduction
8. communication

Question 3

Describe the difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells

Answer 3

Prokaryotic cells: no organelles, no nucleus
ex. bacteria/blue-green algae
Eukaryotic cells: larger, have a nucleus, contain organelles

Question 4

Membrane bound intracellular compartments, enclosed in cytoplasm

Answer 4

organelles

Question 5

Three general components of the eukaryotic cell are:

Answer 5

the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, intracellular organelles

Question 6

What is the two chief functions of the nucleus?

Answer 6

cell division & control of genetic information

Question 7

an aqueous solution that fills the space between the nucleus and the plasma membrane

Answer 7

cytoplasm

Question 8

extends throughout the outer nuclear membrane; specializes in the synthesis and transport of protein and lipid components of most of the organelles

Answer 8

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Question 9

senses cell stress, responsible for protein folding

Answer 9

endoplasmic reticulum

Question 10

• network of smooth membranes and vesicles located near the nucleus
• processes and packages proteins into secretory vesicles that break away and migrate to a variety of both intracellular/extracellular destinations

Answer 10

golgi complex

Question 11

saclike structure that originate from golgi complex, contain digestive enzymes to digest most cellular substances completely to their basic components (amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates)

Answer 11

lysosomes

Question 12

Describe the newly discovered function of lysosome: nutrient-dependent signaling function

Answer 12

cooperates with known degradative role to mediate basic cell functions such as nutrient sensing, metabolic adaptation, and quality control of proteins and organelles

Question 13

What are the four pathways of degradation in lysosomes?

Answer 13

endocytosis, phagocytosis, macropinocytosis, autophagy

Question 14

similar to lysosomes, also contain oxidative enzymes such as catalase and urate oxidase

Answer 14

peroxisomes

Question 15

responsible for cellular respiration and energy production; enzymes of respiratory chain generate most of the cell’s ATP

Answer 15

mitochondria

Question 16

functions as an intermediatory metabolism involving enzymatic biochemical reactions, ribosomal protein synthesis, and storage of carbohydrates, fat, and secretory vesicles

Answer 16

cytosol

Question 17

controls movement of substances across and into cell

Answer 17

plasma membrane

Question 18

basic structure of the cell

Answer 18

lipid bilayer