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Pathophysiology > Ch. 1 Cell and Tissue Function > Flashcards

Ch. 1 Cell and Tissue Function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary components of a eukaryotic cell?

A
  1. plasma membrane
  2. nucleus
  3. cytoplasm
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2
Q

What is the difference between cytoplasm and cytoplasmic matrix?

A

cytoplasm liquid in the cell that contains organelles and the cytoplasmic matrix.
cytoplasmic matrix contains solutes and organic molecules like carbs, proteins, lipids, and RNA.

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3
Q

What is in the nucleoplasm?

A

Enzymes needed for transcription

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4
Q

What proteins are associated with the lipid bilayer?

A 
Integral proteins (span the lipid bilayer and are part of the membrane)
    -form ion channels
Peripheral proteins (bound to one side of the membrane and don't pass into the lipid bilayer)
    -receptors and intracellular signaling
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5
Q

What is the purpose and structure of the cell coat?

A

cell-to-cell recognition by way of antigens on the cell (ex: RBCs)
Made of glycoproteins, glycolipids, and lectins (carb binding proteins).

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6
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A
  1. Contains DNA

2. Synthesis site of RNA (transcription), which moves to the cytoplasm

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA?

A
  1. mRNA - copies and carries DNA instructions for protein synthesis to the cytoplasm
  2. rRNA - where proteins are made (ribosomes!)
  3. tRNA - transports aa’s to ribosomes to be incorporated into protein being made
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8
Q

What is chromatin?

A

structure of DNA and proteins in the nuclear matrix
condensed = inactive = heterochromatin
Extended = active = Euchromatin (all start with vowels)

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9
Q

What does the nucleolus do?

A

the site of rRNA synthesis and some ribosome creation

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10
Q

What allows selective transport into and out of the nucleus?

A

nuclear pore complexes on the nuclear envelope

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11
Q

What types of proteins do ribosomes create depending on location?

A

Free ribosomes = create proteins that remain in cell for cytoplasmic structure or function
Ribosomes attached to ER = translate mRNAs that code proteins that bind to membranes or leave the cell

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12
Q

What does the rough ER do?

A

contains ribosomes that synthesize proteins that will be part of cell membrane, used to make lysosomal enzymes, or secreted.

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13
Q

What does the smooth ER do?

A

NO protein synthesis (no ribosomes = no proteins)

  • enzymes in ER make lipid and steroid hormone molecules
  • regulates intracellular calcium
  • metabolism of hormones and drugs
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14
Q

What are 2 examples of a smooth ER in body systems?

A
  1. sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells: store calcium ions for muscle contraction
  2. liver = smooth ER stores glycogen and metabolizes lipid-soluble drugs
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15
Q

Function of the Golgi apparatus

A

Products of the ER are transported here in vesicles where they are modified and packaged into secretory granules/vesicles.
Also makes big carbs, which are added to proteins from the rough ER to make glycoproteins (part of cell membrane!)

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16
Q

How does insulin relate to the Golgi apparatus?

A

Insulin is secreted in a large, inactive form from the ER and is broken by the GA of beta cells in the pancreas into smaller active insulin molecules.

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17
Q

What pathways are used for lysosomal degredation?

A
  1. small extracellular proteins form endocytic vesicles after entering the cell by pinocytosis or receptor-mediated endocytosis
  2. large extracellular particles like bacteria and debris are engulfed by phagocytosis and phagosome fuses with a lysosome.
  3. Autophagy: intracellular particles like organelles are engulfed and fuse with a lysosome.
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18
Q

What is lysosomal storage disease?

A

A type of lisosomal enzyme is absent or inactive, so digestion of some substances cannot occur and they accumulate in the cell

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19
Q

What is an example of a lysosomal storage disease?

A

Tay-Sachs disease

  • hexosaminidase A is absent.
  • GM2 ganglioside (in nerve cell membranes) accumulates in the nervous system and retina (mainly).
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20
Q

What do peroxisomes do?

A

contain enzymes used in oxidative reactions to degrade free radicals like hydrogen peroxide
- also break down long chain fatty acids (important in liver cells to form bile acids)

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21
Q

What do proteasomes do?

A

break down misfolded proteins in a process called ubiquitination.

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22
Q

How are mitochondria self replicating?

A

They contain their own DNA and ribosomes

- DNA encodes rRNA and tRNA needed to make proteins for use by the mitochondria

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23
Q

How do mitochondria regulate apoptosis?

A

They release molecules such as cytochrome c into the cytoplasm, which binds an apoptosis inhibitor and induces apoptosis
- apoptosis dysregulation may be an issue with cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.

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24
Q

How is mitochondrial DNA inherited?

A

Matrilineally

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25
Q

Where does the anaerobic glycolytic pathway occur?

A

cytoplasm

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26
Q

Where does the aerobic pathway occur?

A

mitochondria

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27
Q

Why is ATP the energy currency of the cell?

A

When ATP is hydrolyzed into ADP or AMP (loses 1-2 phosphate groups), a lot of energy is released for use (metabolism of food molecules provides ATP)

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28
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

Conversion of glucose into pyruvic acid, with yield of 2 ATP per glucose, in anaerobic environment (first few minutes of exercise)

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29
Q

What happens to pyruvic acid if there is no aerobic environment, like in cardiac arrest?

A

Pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid, which moves out of cells into the extracellular fluid

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30
Q

What is the citric acid cycle?

A

pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria and combines with acetyl-coenzyme to form acetyl-coA.
oxidative reactions involving NADH and FADH release CO2 and 2 ATP.
fatty acids and amino acids can also enter the citric acid cycle

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31
Q

What is the electron transport chain?

A

Electrons generated from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, carried by NADH and FADH2, are oxidized in a series of reactions on the inner mitochondrial membrane. This produces a large amount of ATP (32 for 1 glucose) and H20

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32
Q

What is a ligand?

A

molecules with a high affinity for receptors

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33
Q

what are G Protein-linked receptors?

A

regulatory proteins that bind to GDP and GTP

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34
Q

What do G Protein-Linked receptors do?

A
  1. Hormone (first messenger) binds receptor
  2. Activated receptor interacts with G-Protein linked GDP
  3. G protein subunits dissociate
  4. alpha subunit of G protein activates a protein to catalyze ATP to cAMP (second messenger)
  5. Second messenger activates internal effector
  6. Cell response
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35
Q

Enzyme-linked receptors

A

Integral proteins with ligand-binding sites on outer surface of cell membrane. Binding of hormone to receptor activates enzyme, which catalyzes formation of cAMP (second messenger)

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36
Q

Ion linked receptors example

A

Nerve and muscle cells (synaptic signaling)

37
Q

How is glucose and insulin related to facilitated diffusion?

A

Some substances like glucose can cross the cell membrane down their concentration gradient with a transmembrane protein (they are not lipid soluble). Depends on concentration difference and transporter availability.
Insulin works by increasing the availability of glucose transporters in the membrane.

38
Q

What is primary active transport?

A

Sodium, potassium, and calcium ions

Sodium is pumped outside the cell, potassium is pumped inside the cell with sodium potassium ATPase pump.

39
Q

What is secondary active transport?

A

Harness energy from primary active transport to cotransport a second substance

40
Q

What is a membrane potential?

A

Electrical potential (difference in ion charge can do work) across a cell membrane

41
Q

What is an equilibrium potential?

A

Electrical potential where there is no net movement of an ion because the diffusion potential and electrical forces made by this movement are balanced

42
Q

What are the 4 tissue types?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

43
Q

Where do you find epithelial tissue?

A

Covering body surface, lining inner body surface, and glands

44
Q

What is attached epithelial tissue to the below connective tissue?

A

Basement membrane

nutrients diffuse from basement membrane to epi cells b/c they are avascular

45
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of all epithelial tissue?

A
  1. 3 distinct surfaces - apical, lateral, and basal
  2. Closely apposed and joined together by cell junctions
  3. Basal surface is attached to the basement membrane
46
Q

How is epithelial tissue classified? What are the groups?

A

By shape of cell and number of layers:

  1. Simple
  2. Stratified
  3. Pseudostratified
  4. Squamous
  5. Cuboidal
  6. Columnar
47
Q

Function and location of simple squamous epithelium

A

filtration (for molecules that must diffuse easily)
lines blood vessels, lymph nodes, and alveoli
forms endothelium of the heart and mesothelium of cavities

48
Q

Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found?

A

surface of ovary and in thyroid

49
Q

Where is simple columnar epithelium found?

A

lines the intestine (may have cilia with goblet cells that secrete mucus)

50
Q

What is stratified squamous keratinized epithelium?

A

Epidermis of the skin (made of many layers)

Keratin- tough protein that forms filaments

51
Q

Where is stratified squamous NONkeratinized epithelium?

A

moist surfaces like tongue, mouth, rectum, vagina

52
Q

Where is stratified cuboidal and columnar epithelium found?

A

ducts of salivary glands and mammary glands

53
Q

how does the epithelium change in smokers?

A

Normal trachea and bronchi are lined by columnar ciliated epithelial cells, but they are replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells to withstand smoke

54
Q

What is pseudostratified epithelium?

A

All cells touch the underlying intracellular matrix, but not all reach the surface

55
Q

What is transitional epithelium?

A

Can change shapes and get thinner when tissue is stretched (bladder)

56
Q

What is different about glandular epithelium?

A

Specialized to secrete fluid

57
Q

Exocrine glands

A

sweat glands and lactating mammary glands

58
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Ductless and secrete hormones directly into the blood

59
Q

Function of connective tissue

A

support

connect

60
Q

What is the structure of connective tissue?

A
  • cells
  • ground substance
  • fibers
61
Q

Characteristics of areolar tissue

A
  • binds different tissues
  • flexibility
  • cushioning
62
Q

Adipose tissue

A
  • cushioning
  • energy storage
  • no fibers!
63
Q

Fibrous connective tissue

A
  • support and shock absorption for bones and organs
  • parallel collagen fibers
  • dermis, ligaments, tendons
64
Q

Blood

A
  • transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, antibodies, and waste
  • no fibers!
  • matrix is the plasma
65
Q

Osseous tissue

A
  • cells are osteocytes

- matrix is bone mineral/hydroxyapatite

66
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A
  • cells are chondrocytes

- surfaces of joints

67
Q

What are the 2 muscle fibers?

A

Actin (thin)

myosin (thick)

68
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal smooth cardiac

69
Q

What is the most abundant muscle?

A

Skeletal

40-45% total body weight

70
Q

Structure of skeletal muscle

A

Cell=Muscle fiber
Fibers connected by CT tissue (endomysium)
Bundles of fibers are fascicles and are encased by perimysium (CT)

71
Q

Structure of muscle fiber

A

No defined nucleus in each cell
Contractile units myosin and actin in parallel bundles (myofibrils)
Each myofibril is made of repeating units called sarcomeres

72
Q

Which part of nervous system controls smooth muscle?

A

Autonomous

73
Q

How is smooth muscle different than skeletal?

A

No striations
Smaller spindle shaped cells
Actin filaments attached to dense bodies allows tension for stretch in hollow organs

74
Q

How does smooth muscle get calcium?

A

Poorly developed sarcoplasmic reticulum so calcium comes from outside the cell
Ex. Calcium blocking drugs to treat cardiovascular disease

75
Q

What cell types make of nervous tissue?

A

Neurons and glial cells

76
Q

Which neurons carry signals toward the central nervous system?

A

Afferent or sensory neurons (reception of sensory info from the environment or body

77
Q

Which neurons carry signals away from the CNS?

A

Efferent or motor neurons (controls glands and muscle fibers)

78
Q

TAS AEM

A

The aardvarks say “All eat mangos”

Toward Afferent Sensory Away Efferent Motor

79
Q

What are the 4 types of neuroglia in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells

80
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • most abundant neuroglia
  • structural support for neurons and their extensions surround blood vessels in the CNS
  • blood-brain barrier, maintains ion levels, recycles neurotransmitters (hang around dendrites and return lost NTs to the neuron)
81
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Forms myelin sheath on axons of neurons in the CNS (fatty insulation to keep electrical signal strong)

82
Q

Microglia

A

phagocytic cells

83
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Create cerebral spinal fluid

depends (diapers) sounds like epend = ependymal cells deal with fluid

84
Q

What are neuroglia of the PNS?

A

Schwann cells- myelination of axons (can only myelinate 1 neuron)
satellite cells - protect the dorsal root ganglia and autonomic ganglion cells (like the astrocytes of the PNS! satellite = stars in the sky = astrocyte is shaped like a star)

85
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

Adjacent cells are sealed together in epithelial tissue

Prevents substances from entering the intercellular space

86
Q

What are adhering junctions?

A

Strong adhesion between cells
Prevent cell separation
Cardiac muscle and epithelial tissue

87
Q

Gap junctions

A

Channels form between cells to connect their cytoplasm

Important for cell communication (electrical conduction and ions)

88
Q

What are the most abundant connective tissue cells and what do they do?

A

Fibroblasts

Make collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers and the gel-like ground substance in the intercellular space

Pathophysiology (12 decks)

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