Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Behavioral Science > Ch 1 - Biology & Behavior > Flashcards

Ch 1 - Biology & Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

John Dewey

A

Also FUNCTIONALISM

REFLEZ ARCS and reacting to stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Paul Broca

A

Behavioral deficits of people with brain DAMAGE

showed that functional impairments were the result of brain lesions.

“Broca’s area” is an area of the left brain where people who aren’t able to speak tend to have a lesion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hermann von Helmholtz

A

First to measure the speed of a nerve impulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Sir Charles Sherrington

A

SYNAPSES

But he believed these were electrical - which we now know they are chemical!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Franz Gall

A

Phrenology

Measuring the skull

Believed that the brain was associated with certain traits, and when the trait was well-developed, the brain would be larger and push on the skull, causing a bulge on the head.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Pierre Flourens

A

EXTIRPATION

Removing portions of the brain and seeing the behavioral results.

First person to explore the theory that different parts of the brain controlled different things.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

William James

A

“Father of American psychology”

FUNCTIONALISM

Adapting to the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the layers of the meninges?

A

Dura mater - against bone
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater - against brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the “brain stem” versus the limbic system

A

Brain stem: midbrain and hindbrain
Most primitive

Limbic system: forebrain
Feelings and emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the three main part of the brain in fetal development?

A

Hindbrain - RHOMBENCEPHALON

Midbrain - MESENCEPHALON

Forebrain - PROSENCEPHALON

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the general purpose of the hindbrain?

What structures does the HINDBRAIN include?

A

Controls balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion, sleeping and walking

Includes:
Medulla oblongata (myencephalon)
Pons
Cerebellum (both metencephalon)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the pons do?

A

Sensory and motor pathways between medulla oblongata and the cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Maintains posture, balance, and coordinates body movements

Damage to the cerebellum: clumsiness, slurred speech, loss of balance (alcohol impairs the functioning of the cerebellum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the general purpose of the midbrain?

What structures does the MIDBRAIN include?

A

Receive sensory and motor info from the rest of the body. Reflexes: auditory and visual stimuli.

Includes:
Colliculi (superior and inferior)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do the superior and inferior colliculi do?

A

(They are nuclei: ie, a collection of neurons in the CNS)

Superior: receives VISUAL sensory input

Inferior: receives AUDITORY sensory input (reflexes to loud noises)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the general purpose of the forebrain?

What structures does the FOREBRAIN include?

A

Complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes.

Includes:

TELENCEPHALON (outermost)
Cerebral cortex
Basal ganglia
Limbic system

DIENCEPHALON (innermost)
   Thalamus
   Hypothalamus
   Posterior pituitary gland
   Pineal gland
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the medulla oblongata do?

A

Regulates vital functions

BREATHING
HEART RATE
BLOOD PRESSURE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are three ways of MAPPING the brain?

A
  1. Extirpation (invasive)
  2. Using electrical stimulation /electrodes (invasive but can be done with LA only)
  3. EEG (noninv.)
  4. rCBF (noninv.)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How are cortical maps created?

A

Through the use of electrode activation (ie electrical stimulation) in a specific spot in the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is an EEG?

A

Records electrical activity created by groups of neurons in the brain

Involves placing several electrodes on the scalp

Research in sleep, seizures, and brain lesions rely on EEGs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

THALAMUS

A

RELAY
All senses except smell
Receives incoming sensory info
Sorts info and relays them to the correct areas of the cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

HYPOTHALAMUS

A 
HOMEOSTATIC
(Metabolism, temp, water balance)
Emotional experiences
Endocrine functions 
Controls some ANS
Behavioral drives:
   Hunger
   Thirst
   Sexual behavior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Three parts of the hypothalamus:

A
  1. Lateral
  2. Ventromedial
  3. Anterior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Lateral hypothalamus

LH mnemonic

A

HUNGER CENTRE

triggers eating and drinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Ventromedial hypothalamus VMH mnemonic
SATIETY CENTRE Provides signals to stop eating Brain lesion here = obesity
26
Anterior hypothalamus A mnemonic
SEXUAL CENTRE Also: regulation of sleep and body temperature Damage here - lack of sex drive
27
Posterior pituitary
Releases ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin
28
Pineal gland
Biological rhythms Secretes MELATONIN which regulates circadian rhythms Receives input directly from the retina for coordination with sunlight
29
Basal ganglia
POSTURE and MOVEMENT Coordinates MUSCLE movement by sending info (via extrapyramidal motor system) from the cerebral cortex to the brain and spinal cord PARKINSON's involves destruction of the basal ganglia Also plays a role on schizophrenia, and OCD
30
What is the extrapyramidal more system?
Gathers info about BODY POSITION and bring info the CNS
31
The limbic system
EMOTIONS AND MEMORY (Interconnected looping structures) Includes: Septal nuclei Amygdala Hippocampus
32
Septal nuclei
Pleasure centre Associated with addictive behavior
33
Amygdala
Defensive and aggressive behaviors When removed: more docile but also hyper sexual behavior (Rhesus monkeys)
34
Hippocampus
Learning and memory Particularly long-term memory! Communicates with the rest of the limbic system using the FORNIX, a long projection
35
What is ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA? How might it happen?
Can't make any new long-term memories, but events that occurred before injury are usually intact Can happen when the hippocampus is removed
36
What is RETROGRADE amnesia?
Memory loss to events that happened BEFORE an injury Eg: Korsakoff's syndrome, can result from thiamine deficiency in the brain
37
Cerebral cortex (Basic structure) (4 lobes)
Many bumps called GYRI or SULCI These increase surface area R and L cerebral hemispheres ``` 4 lobes: "F-POT" FRONTAL PARIETAL OCCIPITAL TEMPORAL ```
38
*FRONTAL LOBE* What are the two major parts of the frontal lobe? What does each do (brief) What would damage to each result in?
``` PREFRONTAL CORTEX Executive functions (Ie not memory itself but reminding us to remember something at all) Damage: impairs supervisory functions (Apathy, rude remarks) ``` MOTOR CORTEX Initiates voluntary motor movements Finer motor control muscles take up more space in the cortex
39
*FRONTAL LOBE* What are two areas of the PREFRONTAL CORTEX ?
"Association area" Integrates input from other areas of the brain (Ie multiple input to solve a puzzle) "Projection area" Perform simple conceptual and motor tasks (Ie: visual and moving of muscles)
40
*FRONTAL LOBE* Where exactly is the MOROR CORTEX of the frontal lobe located?
On the precentral gyrus | In front of the CENTRAL SULCUS which seperate a the frontal and parietal lobes
41
*FRONTAL LOBE* What is the MOTOR HUMUNCULUS
The idea that more fine-motor muscles take up a larger part of the motor cortex compared to their actual physical size: Hands, face, feet.
42
*FRONTAL LOBE* What is BROCA's AREA
Left hemisphere (dominant hemisphere) Vitally important for speech production
43
Which hemisphere is the DOMINANT hemisphere? How is it determined?
For most people, it is the LEFT hemisphere (Regardless whether someone is right or left handed) Determined by whichever hemisphere is MOST HEAVILY STIMULATED during language reception and production
44
What is an rCBF?
Regional cerebral blood flow Detects patterns of neuron activity based on the blood flow to different parts of the brain Pt's inhale a harmless radioactive gas, then uses CT scan or PET scan or MRI to generate pictures of the brain
45
*PARIETAL LOBE* Central region
Spatial processing | Ability to orient self and others, 3D space Ie, map-reading
46
*OCCIPITAL LOBE* What is the visual cortex? What else is it called?
"Striate cortex" Visual information is processed here Also some implications in learning and motor control
47
*TEMPORAL LOBE* Auditory cortex
Primary site of sound processing | Speech, music, other sounds
48
*TEMPORAL LOBE* Wernick's Area
Language reception and comprehension
49
*TEMPORAL LOBE* Other functions
Memory processing Emotion Close in proximity to he hippocampus
50
BROCA's area and WERNICK's area
Broca: language production FRONTAL LOBE Wernick: language comprehension PARIETAL LOBE
51
*PARIETAL LOBE* What is the SOMATOSENSORY cortex? TPTP
Located at the postcentral gyrus Processes somatosensory information (touch, pressure, temperature, pain) Similar to MOROR homunculus: SOMATOSENSORY HUMUNCULUS (lips, finger, tongue, sex organs)
52
Contralaterality Exceptions?
One side of the brain communicates with the opposite side of the body (This is USUALLY true) Exception: HEARING - parts of the brain communicate IPSILATERALLY same side of the body
53
NONDOMINANT HEMISPHERE
USUALLY THE RIGHT CREATIVITY, intuition, music, spatial processing Pieces of stimulus into a holistic image Less prominent role in language More receptive to tones, moods, other aspects if communication
54
Corpus callosum Example of dysfunction
Connects the R and L hemispheres, and shares info between them (Ie object in L hand, felt via R hemisphere, could not be named because the R hemisphere could not talk to the L hemisphere (speech) )
55
Acetylcholine
Neurotransmitter for efferent limbs if the somatic nervous system (movement of limbs) Also for parasympathetic nervous system Used in some parts of the brain for AROUSAL and ATTENTION
56
Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine
"CATECHOLAMINES" Play an important role in the experience of emotions
57
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
(Adrenaline and noradrenaline) Control alertness and wakefulness Sympathetic nervous system Epinephrine - acts systemically as a hormone Norepinephrine - acts more locally High norepinephrine: mania, anxiety Low norepinephrine: depression
58
Dopamine
Movement and posture High concentrations of dopamine are found in the basal ganglia (help smooth movements and maintain posture)
59
Dopamine and schizophrenia
"Dopamine hypothesis of schizo." Delusions and hallucinations arise from too much dopamine or an over sensitivity to dopamine in the brain. (Important but does not account for all the findings of the disease)
60
Dopamine and Parkinson's disease
Associated with a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia Disruptions in dopamine lead to resting tremors and postural instability
61
Serotonin
Regulates mood, eating, sleeping, dreaming Like norepinephrine, serotonin is thought to play a role in mania and depression (same as norepi = high levels linked to mania, low levels linked to depression)
62
What are the 4 monoamine / biogenic amine neurotransmitters?
The 3 catecholamines Epinephrine Norepinephrine Dopamine Serotonin
63
GABA
?-aminobutyric acid Produces inhibitory potentials (causes hyper-polarization of the post synaptic membrane) Stabilizes neural activity in the brain
64
Peptide neurotransmitters
Called "neuromodulators" or "neuropeptides" Complicated chain of events in postsynaptic cell --> hence these act more slowly and have longer effects on the cell ENDORPHINS ENKEPHALINS Have similar actions to morphine and other opioids: "painkillers"
65
Dominant hemisphere
(Review: Most heavily stimulated by speech production and reception) USUALLY THE LEFT ANALYTIC in function Managing details, logic, math skills

Behavioral Science (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions