Transmission genetics is the sub-field of genetics that studies …
….the inheritance in individuals, as humans reproduce sexually and the traits in offspring is studied.
(Traits are transmitted through gametes from generation to generation)
Cell Theory states that…
….all organisms are composed of basic structural units called cells, which are derived from pre-existing cells
Pasteur’s experiments disproved the idea of…
..spontaneous generation (cells being created fro non-living component).
All cells exist due to previously existing cells.
The father (founder) of GENETICS is ..
…Mendel
In most eukaryotes, their chromosomes are
a) diploid (2n) or haploid (1n)?
b) homogenous or homologous?
diploid and homologous (exist in pairs)
Mitosis involves chromosomes….
..that are copied and distrubuted so each daughter cell receiveds a diploid (2n) set identical to the parent.
2 stages
Meiosis involves…
…gamete formation (1n)
Cells receive only ONE chromosome and is always HAPLOID
“This reduction in chromosome number is essential if the offspring arising from the fusion of egg and sperm are to maintain the constant number of chromosomes characteristic of their parents and other members of their species”
When chromosomes are arranged this way,
KARYOTYPE
Chromosome theory of Inheritance states..
inherited traits are controlled by genes residing on chromosomes transmitted through gametes (genetic continuity)
Chromosome vs chromatin
When one gene controlling a trait changes, it’s simply called..
MUTATION
Alleles are defined as …
…alternative forms of a gene.
Phenotype can change (observable feature)
Genotype doesn’t change (set of alleles for a trait)
Review of DNA. Dotted lines are hydrogen bonds.
Review
3 RNA key points:
- ribose sugar, instead of deoxyribose
- single stranded, instead of double-helix
- uracil, instead of thymine
Gene Expression steps:
The genetic info encoded in the nucleotides results in a functional gene product (in euk. =leads to a protein).
- Transcription in nucleus
- 1 strand of DNA is used to make complementary RNA
- Cytoplasm, mRNA binds to ribosome
- Translation, mRNA converted to codons (nucleotide triplets), which specifies a protein (Met-Val-Leu-etc.)
What is another name for biological catalysts?
ENZYMES
These are also the largest group of proteins made in the body
! they lower the activation energy and allow cellular metabolism to proceed at body temperature
What are restriction enzymes?
These enzymes are used by bacteria to cut and inactivate the DNA of invading bacteria.
**They can be used to cut any organisms DNA at specific nucleotide sequences**
Name three examples of proteins essential in humans?
- haemoglobin (O2-binding molecule in red blood cells)
- insulin (pancreatic hormone)
- collagen (connective tissue)
- myosin + actin (to contract muscles)
When DNA fragments cut by restriction enzymes are placed into carrier DNA molecules (aka. _____), these new molecules are called ________ DNA.
When placed into bacterial cells, thousands of ______ are made instead and can be studied
vectors
recombinant
clones
The transfer of heritable traits across species using recombinant DNA technology creates ________ organisms
transgenic
**GMO crops account for about 88 % of the US corn crop and 93% of the US soybean crop. 70% of processed food most likely contains transgenic ingredients**
A model organism is good b/c:
- short life cycles
- produce many offspring
- genetic analysis straightforward
- easy to grow
How is the chromosome theory of inheritance related to Mendel’s findings?
Common Genetic Disorders
