Ch 1: Bio Basis

Question 1

houses the neuron’s nucleus and other large organelles

Answer 1

soma

Question 2

projections off the cell body which can connect to input from other nerves or other specialized sense organs

Answer 2

dendrites

Question 3

single, long projection from the soma

structure through which neuron outputs its action potentials

Answer 3

axon

Question 4

where a neuron integrates various input signals and decides whether to send a signal down the axon

Answer 4

axon hillock

Question 5

insulating material around some axons to allow more rapid action potential conduction

Answer 5

myelin or myelin sheath

Question 6

breaks in the myelin sheath dotted along a myelinated axon

Answer 6

nodes of Ranvier

Question 7

where cell can synapse with another nerve cell, muscle, or gland

Answer 7

nerve terminal

Question 8

highly specialized cell designed to integrate inputs and outputs in form of an action potential

Answer 8

neuron

Question 9

phase in which a neuron remains, since no longer undergoing normal cell cycle

Answer 9

G0 resting phase (no longer dividing)

Question 10

normal voltage potential inside a cell membrane relative to the area outside the plasma membrane?

Answer 10

negative voltage potential (relative to the outside)

Question 11

Voltage for a nerve cell resting potential?

Answer 11

-70mV

Question 12

how is resting potential maintained?

Answer 12

action of the Na+/K+ pump that pushes 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ in to maintain electrochemical gradient

Question 13

how is resting potential maintained?

Answer 13

action of the Na+/K+ pump that pushes 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ in to maintain electrochemical gradient

Question 14

threshold potential (voltage) to trigger an action potential?

Answer 14

-55mV

Question 15

failed initiation

Answer 15

when signal fails to bring neuron up to threshold potential to trigger an action potential

Question 16

Depolarization phase

Answer 16

Na+ voltage-gated channels open and Na+ rush into the cell. This continues until full depolarization happens at 40mV. Then the Na+ channels close and the K+ channels open to allow K+ out of the cell.

Question 17

Repolarization

Answer 17

K+ ions rush out of the cell through the pumps that are now open, due to electrical potential and its own concentration gradient. Continues until the cell overshoots the -70mV level, becoming temporarily hyperpolarized.

Question 18

Refractory period

Answer 18

When cell is hyperpolarized due to K+ ion movements. Cell cannot be depolarized again until Na+/K+ pumps re-establish resting state of the cell.

Question 19

Where do action potentials begin and end?

Answer 19

axon hillock to the axon terminal in the synapse area

Question 20

How does signal conduction work in unmyelinated axon?

Answer 20

Slow and smooth along cell membrane

Question 21

Signal conduction in myelinated axon?

Answer 21

Rapid as potential jumps from one Node of Ranvier to the next down the axon. Only need to contribute 15mV to next Node to trigger in action potential there (-70 to -55mV).

Question 22

How are neurotransmitters released from the axon terminal?

Answer 22

Ca2+ voltage-gated channels are triggered, allowing Ca2+ to rush into the axon terminal, triggering the cell to use exocytosis to push the NT’s out into the synaptic cleft.

Question 23

How are NT’s cleared from the synaptic cleft?

Answer 23

1) Broken down by enzymes (eg, AChase for ACh)

2) Taken back up by axon for use later (can be blocked by stuff like SSRIs)

Question 24

CNS and PNS are what?

Answer 24

CNS= Central Nervous System
PNS= Peripheral Nervous System

Question 25

Clusters of axons held together by connective tissue, that can be defined as afferent or efferent and also motor or sensory

Answer 25

Nerves!!

Question 26

Sensory nerves

Answer 26

Afferent, can connect as spinal or cranial nerves.

Question 27

Motor nerves

Answer 27

Efferent, can connect as spinal or cranial nerves.

Question 28

Neuron type: A single dendrite that splits into dendrioles. No axon. Found in Cerebellum, helps with balance, more commonly found in insects than humans.

Answer 28

Unipolar neurons

Question 29

Neuron type: A sensory neuron for smell, sight, taste, hearing, balance.

Answer 29

Bipolar neuron

Question 30

Neuron type: Sensory neuron in the PNS. One axon splits: one part to spinal cord, one part to periphery. Found in dorsal root ganglia.

Answer 30

Pseudounipolar neuron

Question 31

Neuron type: Has a single axon and multiple dendrites. Classic image of a neuron! :) includes motor and interneurons

Answer 31

Multipolar neuron

Question 32

Glial Cell type: provides myelination in the CNS

Answer 32

Oligodendrocytes

Question 33

Glial cell type: provides myelination in the PNS

Answer 33

Schwann Cells

Question 34

Glial cell type: provides various support functions to neurons in the CNS

Answer 34

Astrocytes

Question 35

Glial cell type: produce and circulate CSF in the CNS

Answer 35

Ependymal cells

Question 36

Glial cell type: control the microenvironment around cell bodies in ganglia in the PNS

Answer 36

Satellite cells

Question 37

Glial cell type: macrophages that clean out microbes and debris in the CNS

Answer 37

Microglia

Question 38

Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 38

Sympathetic, Parasympathetic, Enteric

Question 39

Divisions of the PNS (Peripheral)

Answer 39

Autonomic, Somatic, Visceral

Question 40

Parts of the brainstem

Answer 40

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

Question 41

Parts of the midbrain

Answer 41

inferior colliculus & superior colliculus

Question 42

Parts of the hindbrain

Answer 42

Cerebellum, medulla oblongata, pons

Question 43

Parts of the forebrain

Answer 43

Amygdala, basal ganglia, hippocampus, hypothalamus, pineal gland, septal nuclei, thalamus, Frontal/parietal/occipital/temporal lobes
(pretty much anything else that is not in the other two sections of the brain…)

Question 44

Main task of the medulla oblongata (hindbrain)?

Answer 44

Autonomic functions (breathing, heart rate, blood pressure)

Question 45

Main task of the pons (hindbrain)?

Answer 45

Relay signals between cerebellum, medulla and rest of the brain;
Involved in sleep, respiration, swallowing, taste, bladder control, balance.

Question 46

Main task of the inferior colliculus (midbrain)?

Answer 46

Process auditory signals and send them to the medial geniculate nucleus in the thalamus.

Question 47

Main task of the superior colliculus (midbrain)?

Answer 47

Process visual signals and participate in eye control movements

Question 48

Main task of the Amygdala (forebrain)?

Answer 48

process memory, emotions, decision-making.

Question 49

Main task of the basal ganglia (forebrain)?

Answer 49

Participate in motivation, controlling eye movements, and modulate decision-making

Question 50

Main task of the frontal lobe (forebrain)?

Answer 50

voluntary movement, memory processing, planning, motivation, attention

Question 51

Main task of the hippocampus (forebrain)?

Answer 51

consolidation of short-term memory into long-term memory

Question 52

Main task of the hypothalamus (forebrain)?

Answer 52

Links nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland. Helps control body temperature, among other functions using the pituitary gland and endocrine system.