ch 1 basic word structure Flashcards
word analysis
suffix
ending of a word
word analysis
root
gives the essential meaning of the term
word analysis
combining vowel
letter o
connects roots to suffixes and roots to other roots
has no meaning of its own but is an important connector between the root and the suffix
word analysis
steps to analyze a medical term
- begin at suffix
- next look at beginning of the term
word analysis
analyzing a medical term
hematology
hemat/o/logy
hemat: root (blood)
o: combining vowel
logy: suffix (study of)
word analysis
analyzing a medical term
electrocardiogram
electr/o/cardi/o/gram
electr: root (electricity)
o: combining vowel
cardi: root (heart)
o: combining vowel
gram: suffix (record)
word analysis
combining form
combining vowel plus the root
important rules to remember for basic word structure
- READ the meaning of medical words from the suffix to the beginning of the word and then across
- DROP the combining vowel before a suffix that starts with a vowel
- KEEP the combining vowel between word roots even if the 2nd root begins with a vowel
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms
combining form: aden/o
meaning: gland
medical term: adenoma
gland tumor or mass
-oma means tumor or mass
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms
combining form: arthr/o
meaning: joint
medical term: arthitis
inflammation of joint
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms
combining form: bi/o
meaning: life
medical term: biology
study of life
-logy means stufy of
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms
combining form: carcin/o
meaning: cancer, cancerous
medical term: carcinoma
cancerous tumor
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms
combining form: cardi/o
meaning: heart
medical term: cardiology
study of heart
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms
combining form: cephal/o
meaning: head
medical term: cephalic
pertaining to head
-ic means pertaining to
if an infant is born with the head delivered first, it is a cephalic presentation
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms
combining form: cerebr/o
meaning: cerebrum (largest part of the brain)
medical term: cerebral
cerebrvascular accident (CVA)
pertaining to cerebrum
pertaining to blood vessels in cerebrum
-al means pertaining to
-vascular means pertaining to blood vessels
CVA is commonly known as a stroke
what happens in a stroke?
Blood, containing oxygen and nutrients that are necessary to keep cells alive and functioning, is prevented from reaching areas of the cerebrum, and brain cells ie
Depending on the location and extent of reduced blood flow, signs and symptoms may include loss of movement (paralysis), loss of speech (aphasia), weakness, and changes in sensation
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms
combining form: cyst/o
meaning: urinary bladder
medical term: cystoscope
instrument to visually examine
placed through the urethra into the urinary bladder of a female during cystoscopy
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms
combining form: cyt/o
meaning: cell
medical term: cytology
study of cells
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms
derm/o
skin
dermal
relating to skin
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms
dermat/o
skin
dermatitis
skin inflammation
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms
electr/o
electricity
electrocardiogram (ECG)
a record of a person’s heartbeat
-gram means record
EKG is an older abbreviation for this test
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms
encephal/o
brain
electroencephalogram (EEG)
record of a person’s brain
this record is helpful in determining whether a patient has a seizure disorder, such as epilepsy
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms
enter/o
intestines (often the small intestine)
enteritis
inflammation of the small intestine/ intestines
enter/o describes the small intestines and sometimes the intestines in general
col/o and colon/o are combining forms for the large intestine (colon)
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms
erythr/o
red
erythrocyte
red blood cell
-cyte means cell
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms
gastr/o
stomach
gastroscopy
visual examination of the stomach
-scopy means process of visual examination with an instrument or -scope
a gastroscope is passed through the mouth, throat, and esophagus into the stomach
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms
gnos/o
knowledge
diagnosis
prognosis
complete knowledge gained after testing/ examining the patient
(before knowledge) that is made after the diagnosis; it forecasts the outcome of treatment
-sis means state of
-dia means complete
pro- means before
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms
gynec/o
woman, female
gynecology
study of women
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms
hem/o, hemat/o
blood
hemoglobin
hematoma
protein in red blood cells
that helps carry oxygen in the blood
a mass of blood trapped in tissues of the skin or in an organ; often results from trauma and is commonly called a bruise
-globin means protein
-oma means mass or tumor
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms
hepat/o
liver
hepatitis
inflammation of the liver
caused by different types of viruses: hep A, hep B, or hep C
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms
lapar/o
abdomen (area between chest and hip)
laparotomy
cutting into abdomen
-tomy means cutting into
exploratory laparotomy the surgeon makes a large incision in the abdominal wall to inspect organs for evidence of disease
laparoscpy is visual exam of the abdomen using several small incisions for a laparoscope and other instuments
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms
leuk/o
white
leukocyte
white cell
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms
nephr/o
kidney
nephrectomy
cutting out kidney
-ectomy means cutting out
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms
neur/o
nerve
neurology
study of nerves
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms
onc/o
tumor (cancerous)
oncologist
specialist of tumors
-ist means a specialist
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms
ophthalm/o
eye
opthalmoscope
instrument used to examine an eye
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms
oste/o
bone
osteoarthritis
degenerative joint disease
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms
path/o
disease
pathologist
healthcare provider who examines bodies and body tissues
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms
psych/o
mind
psychosis
abnormal condition of the mind
-osis means abnormal condition
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms
ren/o
kidney
renal
refers to the kidney
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms
rhin/o
nose
rhinitis
inflammation of the nose
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms
sarc/o
flesh
sarcoma
cancerous tumor that grows from the fleshy (connective) tissues os the body
muscle, bone, fat, and cartilage
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms
thromb/o
clotting
thrombocyte
thrombosis
small cell that helps blood to clot
describes the condition of forming a clot
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: suffixes
-al
pertaining to
neural
pertaining to nerve
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: suffixes
-algia
condition of pain
arthralgia
condition of pain in a joint
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: suffixes
-cyte
cell
leukocyte
white cell
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: suffixes
-ectomy
cutting out; removal, excision
gastrectomy
cutting out stomach
in a partial or subtotal gastrectomy only a portion of the stomach is removed
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: suffixes
-emia
blood condition
leukemia
blood condition of white blood cells
large number of immature, cancerous cells are found in the bloodstream and bone marrow (inner part of the bone that makes blood cells)
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: suffixes
-globin
protein
hemoglobin
blood protein
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: suffixes
-gram
record
arthrogram
x-ray record of a joint
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: suffixes
-ia
condition
neuralgia
pain due to a nerve that is irriatated or damaged
-ia means condition and is part of the larger suffix
-algia meaning condition of pain
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: suffixes
-ic
pertaining to
gastric
pertaining to stomach
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: suffixes
-ism
condition, process
hyperthyroidism
the thyroid gland is secreting an excessive amount of thyroxine
hyper- means excessive
the thyroid gland is in the neck
it secretes the hormone thyroxine, which helps cells burn food to release energy
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: suffixes
-itis
inflammation
gastroenteritis
inflammation of the stomach and the intestines
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: suffixes
-logist
specialist in the study of
neurologist
specialist in the study of nervous system
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: suffixes
-logy
study of
nephrology
study of kidneys
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: suffixes
-oma
tumor, mass
hepatoma
this is a cancerous (malignant) tumor also called hepatocellular carcinoma
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: suffixes
-opsy
to view
biopsy
to view tissues being removed from a living body
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: suffixes
-osis
abnormal condition
nephrosis
leukocytosis
dignerative disease of the kidneys
there is an increase in numbers of normal white blood cells as a response to infection
terms using -logy (study of)
cardiology
study of the heart
terms using -logy (study of)
dermatology
study of the skin
terms using -logy (study of)
endocrinology
study of the endocrine glands
terms using -logy (study of)
gastroenterology
study of the stomach and the intestines
terms using -logy (study of)
gynecology
study of women and women’s diseases
terms using -logy (study of)
hematology
study of the blood
terms using -logy (study of)
neurology
study of the nerves and the brain and the spinal cord
terms using -logy (study of)
oncology
study of tumors (cancerous or malignant diseases)
terms using -logy (study of)
ophthalmology
study of the eye
terms using -logy (study of)
pathology
study of disease
terms using -logy (study of)
psychology
study of the mind and mental disorders
terms using -logy (study of)
rheumatology
study of joint diseases
rheumat/o means flow or watery discharge which was once thought to cause aches and pains especially in joints
terms using -logy (study of)
urology
study of the urinary tract
surgical specialty
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: suffixes
-scope
instrument to visually examine
gastroscope
laparoscope
instrument to visually examine stomach
instrument to visually examine abdomen
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: suffixes
-scopy
process of visual examination
laparoscopy
arthroscopy
process of visual examination of the abdomen
process of visual examination of the joints
small incisions are made near the navel, and instruments are inserted into the abdomen for viewing organs and performing procedures such as tying off the fallopian (uterine) tubes
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: suffixes
-sis
state of
prognosis
forecast of a disease
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: suffixes
-tomy
process of cutting into; incision
neurotomy
incision of a nerve
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: prefixes
a-, an-
no, not
anemia
“no blood”
it is a decrease in the number of red blood cells or in hemoglobin, the protein that helps in their ability to carry oxygen
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: prefixes
aut-
self
autopsy
viewing and examining a dead body with one’s own (self) eyes
-ops (viewing) is embedded in the suffix -opsy (process of viewing)
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: prefixes
dia-
complete, through
diagnosis
diameter
complete process of determining the nature of the disease
through measurement
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: prefixes
dys-
bad, painful, difficult, abnormal
dysentery
a disease characterized by severe diarrhea with passage of mucus and blood and usually caused by infection
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: prefixes
endo-
within
endocrine glands
endocardium
glands secrete hormones within the body and into the bloodstream
the valves and chambers within the heart are lined with endocardium
crin/o means to secrete (to form and give off)
-um indicates a structure
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: prefixes
epi-
above, upon, on
epigastric
above stomach
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: prefixes
exo-
outside
exocrine glands
glands which secrete substances outside of the body
sweat
tear
mammary (breast) glands
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: prefixes
hyper-
excessive, more than normal, too much
hyperglycemia
excessive amount of sugar
glyc/o means sugar
this may be a sign of diabetes mellitus
mellitus means sweet
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: prefixes
hypo-
below, less than normal, under
hypoglycemia
less than normal amount of sugar
this condition results from too much insulin in the bloodstream
symptoms are weakness, headache, hunger
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: prefixes
pan-
all
pandemic
disease spread throughout the world
epidemic refers to a disease that has spread to many people, but within a limited or confinded area
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: prefixes
peri-
surrounding
pericardium
area surrounding the heart
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: prefixes
pro-
before, forward
prostate gland
this exocrine gland “stands” (-state) before or in front of the urinary bladder in males
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: prefixes
re-
back
resection
removing some or all of an organ in the sense of cutting back or away
-section means cutting into an organ
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: prefixes
retro-
behind
retrogastric
behind the stomach
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: prefixes
sub-
below, under
subhepatic
pertaining to under the liver
combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: prefixes
trans-
across, through
transdermal
transurethral
through the skin
passing through the urethra
type 1 diabetes
type 2 diabetes
type 1: have hyperglycemia lack insulin
type 2: inffeffective insulin
insulin is a hormone normally released by the pancreas, an endocrine gland near the stomach
insulin allows sugar to leave the blood stream and enter cells
when insulin is either absent or not working sugar remains in the blood, resulting in hyperglycemia and diabetes
