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medical terminology a short course > ch 1 basic word structure > Flashcards

ch 1 basic word structure Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

word analysis

suffix

A

ending of a word

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2
Q

word analysis

root

A

gives the essential meaning of the term

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3
Q

word analysis

combining vowel

A

letter o

connects roots to suffixes and roots to other roots

has no meaning of its own but is an important connector between the root and the suffix

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4
Q

word analysis

steps to analyze a medical term

A
  1. begin at suffix
  2. next look at beginning of the term
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5
Q

word analysis

analyzing a medical term

hematology

A

hemat/o/logy

hemat: root (blood)
o: combining vowel
logy: suffix (study of)

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6
Q

word analysis

analyzing a medical term

electrocardiogram

A

electr/o/cardi/o/gram

electr: root (electricity)
o: combining vowel
cardi: root (heart)
o: combining vowel
gram: suffix (record)

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7
Q

word analysis

combining form

A

combining vowel plus the root

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8
Q

important rules to remember for basic word structure

A
  1. READ the meaning of medical words from the suffix to the beginning of the word and then across
  2. DROP the combining vowel before a suffix that starts with a vowel
  3. KEEP the combining vowel between word roots even if the 2nd root begins with a vowel
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9
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms

combining form: aden/o
meaning: gland
medical term: adenoma

A

gland tumor or mass

-oma means tumor or mass

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10
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms

combining form: arthr/o
meaning: joint
medical term: arthitis

A

inflammation of joint

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11
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms

combining form: bi/o
meaning: life
medical term: biology

A

study of life

-logy means stufy of

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12
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms

combining form: carcin/o
meaning: cancer, cancerous
medical term: carcinoma

A

cancerous tumor

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13
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms

combining form: cardi/o
meaning: heart
medical term: cardiology

A

study of heart

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14
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms

combining form: cephal/o
meaning: head
medical term: cephalic

A

pertaining to head

-ic means pertaining to

if an infant is born with the head delivered first, it is a cephalic presentation

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15
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms

combining form: cerebr/o
meaning: cerebrum (largest part of the brain)
medical term: cerebral
cerebrvascular accident (CVA)

A

pertaining to cerebrum

pertaining to blood vessels in cerebrum

-al means pertaining to

-vascular means pertaining to blood vessels

CVA is commonly known as a stroke

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16
Q

what happens in a stroke?

A

Blood, containing oxygen and nutrients that are necessary to keep cells alive and functioning, is prevented from reaching areas of the cerebrum, and brain cells ie

Depending on the location and extent of reduced blood flow, signs and symptoms may include loss of movement (paralysis), loss of speech (aphasia), weakness, and changes in sensation

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17
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms

combining form: cyst/o
meaning: urinary bladder
medical term: cystoscope

A

instrument to visually examine

placed through the urethra into the urinary bladder of a female during cystoscopy

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18
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms

combining form: cyt/o
meaning: cell
medical term: cytology

A

study of cells

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19
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms

derm/o
skin
dermal

A

relating to skin

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20
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms

dermat/o
skin
dermatitis

A

skin inflammation

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21
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms

electr/o
electricity
electrocardiogram (ECG)

A

a record of a person’s heartbeat

-gram means record

EKG is an older abbreviation for this test

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22
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms

encephal/o
brain
electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

record of a person’s brain

this record is helpful in determining whether a patient has a seizure disorder, such as epilepsy

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23
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms

enter/o
intestines (often the small intestine)
enteritis

A

inflammation of the small intestine/ intestines

enter/o describes the small intestines and sometimes the intestines in general

col/o and colon/o are combining forms for the large intestine (colon)

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24
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms

erythr/o
red
erythrocyte

A

red blood cell

-cyte means cell

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25
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms

gastr/o
stomach
gastroscopy

A

visual examination of the stomach

-scopy means process of visual examination with an instrument or -scope

a gastroscope is passed through the mouth, throat, and esophagus into the stomach

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26
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms

gnos/o
knowledge
diagnosis
prognosis

A

complete knowledge gained after testing/ examining the patient

(before knowledge) that is made after the diagnosis; it forecasts the outcome of treatment

-sis means state of
-dia means complete

pro- means before

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27
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms

gynec/o
woman, female
gynecology

A

study of women

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28
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms

hem/o, hemat/o
blood
hemoglobin
hematoma

A

protein in red blood cells
that helps carry oxygen in the blood

a mass of blood trapped in tissues of the skin or in an organ; often results from trauma and is commonly called a bruise

-globin means protein

-oma means mass or tumor

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29
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms

hepat/o
liver
hepatitis

A

inflammation of the liver

caused by different types of viruses: hep A, hep B, or hep C

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30
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms

lapar/o
abdomen (area between chest and hip)
laparotomy

A

cutting into abdomen

-tomy means cutting into

exploratory laparotomy the surgeon makes a large incision in the abdominal wall to inspect organs for evidence of disease

laparoscpy is visual exam of the abdomen using several small incisions for a laparoscope and other instuments

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31
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms

leuk/o
white
leukocyte

A

white cell

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32
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms

nephr/o
kidney
nephrectomy

A

cutting out kidney

-ectomy means cutting out

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33
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms

neur/o
nerve
neurology

A

study of nerves

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34
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms

onc/o
tumor (cancerous)
oncologist

A

specialist of tumors

-ist means a specialist

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35
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms

ophthalm/o
eye
opthalmoscope

A

instrument used to examine an eye

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36
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms

oste/o
bone
osteoarthritis

A

degenerative joint disease

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37
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms

path/o
disease
pathologist

A

healthcare provider who examines bodies and body tissues

38
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms

psych/o
mind
psychosis

A

abnormal condition of the mind

-osis means abnormal condition

39
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms

ren/o
kidney
renal

A

refers to the kidney

40
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms

rhin/o
nose
rhinitis

A

inflammation of the nose

41
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms

sarc/o
flesh
sarcoma

A

cancerous tumor that grows from the fleshy (connective) tissues os the body

muscle, bone, fat, and cartilage

42
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: combining forms

thromb/o
clotting
thrombocyte
thrombosis

A

small cell that helps blood to clot

describes the condition of forming a clot

43
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: suffixes

-al
pertaining to
neural

A

pertaining to nerve

44
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: suffixes

-algia
condition of pain
arthralgia

A

condition of pain in a joint

45
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: suffixes

-cyte
cell
leukocyte

A

white cell

46
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: suffixes

-ectomy
cutting out; removal, excision
gastrectomy

A

cutting out stomach

in a partial or subtotal gastrectomy only a portion of the stomach is removed

47
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: suffixes

-emia
blood condition
leukemia

A

blood condition of white blood cells

large number of immature, cancerous cells are found in the bloodstream and bone marrow (inner part of the bone that makes blood cells)

48
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: suffixes

-globin
protein
hemoglobin

A

blood protein

49
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: suffixes

-gram
record
arthrogram

A

x-ray record of a joint

50
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: suffixes

-ia
condition
neuralgia

A

pain due to a nerve that is irriatated or damaged

-ia means condition and is part of the larger suffix
-algia meaning condition of pain

51
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: suffixes

-ic
pertaining to
gastric

A

pertaining to stomach

52
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: suffixes

-ism
condition, process
hyperthyroidism

A

the thyroid gland is secreting an excessive amount of thyroxine

hyper- means excessive

the thyroid gland is in the neck

it secretes the hormone thyroxine, which helps cells burn food to release energy

53
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: suffixes

-itis
inflammation
gastroenteritis

A

inflammation of the stomach and the intestines

54
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: suffixes

-logist
specialist in the study of
neurologist

A

specialist in the study of nervous system

55
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: suffixes

-logy
study of
nephrology

A

study of kidneys

56
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: suffixes

-oma
tumor, mass
hepatoma

A

this is a cancerous (malignant) tumor also called hepatocellular carcinoma

57
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: suffixes

-opsy
to view
biopsy

A

to view tissues being removed from a living body

58
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: suffixes

-osis
abnormal condition
nephrosis
leukocytosis

A

dignerative disease of the kidneys

there is an increase in numbers of normal white blood cells as a response to infection

59
Q

terms using -logy (study of)

cardiology

A

study of the heart

60
Q

terms using -logy (study of)

dermatology

A

study of the skin

61
Q

terms using -logy (study of)

endocrinology

A

study of the endocrine glands

62
Q

terms using -logy (study of)

gastroenterology

A

study of the stomach and the intestines

63
Q

terms using -logy (study of)

gynecology

A

study of women and women’s diseases

64
Q

terms using -logy (study of)

hematology

A

study of the blood

65
Q

terms using -logy (study of)

neurology

A

study of the nerves and the brain and the spinal cord

66
Q

terms using -logy (study of)

oncology

A

study of tumors (cancerous or malignant diseases)

67
Q

terms using -logy (study of)

ophthalmology

A

study of the eye

68
Q

terms using -logy (study of)

pathology

A

study of disease

69
Q

terms using -logy (study of)

psychology

A

study of the mind and mental disorders

70
Q

terms using -logy (study of)

rheumatology

A

study of joint diseases

rheumat/o means flow or watery discharge which was once thought to cause aches and pains especially in joints

71
Q

terms using -logy (study of)

urology

A

study of the urinary tract

surgical specialty

72
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: suffixes

-scope
instrument to visually examine
gastroscope
laparoscope

A

instrument to visually examine stomach

instrument to visually examine abdomen

73
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: suffixes

-scopy
process of visual examination
laparoscopy
arthroscopy

A

process of visual examination of the abdomen

process of visual examination of the joints

small incisions are made near the navel, and instruments are inserted into the abdomen for viewing organs and performing procedures such as tying off the fallopian (uterine) tubes

74
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: suffixes

-sis
state of
prognosis

A

forecast of a disease

75
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: suffixes

-tomy
process of cutting into; incision
neurotomy

A

incision of a nerve

76
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: prefixes

a-, an-
no, not
anemia

A

“no blood”

it is a decrease in the number of red blood cells or in hemoglobin, the protein that helps in their ability to carry oxygen

77
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: prefixes

aut-
self
autopsy

A

viewing and examining a dead body with one’s own (self) eyes

-ops (viewing) is embedded in the suffix -opsy (process of viewing)

78
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: prefixes

dia-
complete, through
diagnosis
diameter

A

complete process of determining the nature of the disease

through measurement

79
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: prefixes

dys-
bad, painful, difficult, abnormal
dysentery

A

a disease characterized by severe diarrhea with passage of mucus and blood and usually caused by infection

80
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: prefixes

endo-
within
endocrine glands
endocardium

A

glands secrete hormones within the body and into the bloodstream

the valves and chambers within the heart are lined with endocardium

crin/o means to secrete (to form and give off)

-um indicates a structure

81
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: prefixes

epi-
above, upon, on
epigastric

A

above stomach

82
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: prefixes

exo-
outside
exocrine glands

A

glands which secrete substances outside of the body

sweat
tear
mammary (breast) glands

83
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: prefixes

hyper-
excessive, more than normal, too much
hyperglycemia

A

excessive amount of sugar

glyc/o means sugar

this may be a sign of diabetes mellitus
mellitus means sweet

84
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: prefixes

hypo-
below, less than normal, under
hypoglycemia

A

less than normal amount of sugar

this condition results from too much insulin in the bloodstream

symptoms are weakness, headache, hunger

85
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: prefixes

pan-
all
pandemic

A

disease spread throughout the world

epidemic refers to a disease that has spread to many people, but within a limited or confinded area

86
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: prefixes

peri-
surrounding
pericardium

A

area surrounding the heart

87
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: prefixes

pro-
before, forward
prostate gland

A

this exocrine gland “stands” (-state) before or in front of the urinary bladder in males

88
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: prefixes

re-
back
resection

A

removing some or all of an organ in the sense of cutting back or away

-section means cutting into an organ

89
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: prefixes

retro-
behind
retrogastric

A

behind the stomach

90
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: prefixes

sub-
below, under
subhepatic

A

pertaining to under the liver

91
Q

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes: prefixes

trans-
across, through
transdermal
transurethral

A

through the skin

passing through the urethra

92
Q

type 1 diabetes
type 2 diabetes

A

type 1: have hyperglycemia lack insulin

type 2: inffeffective insulin

insulin is a hormone normally released by the pancreas, an endocrine gland near the stomach

insulin allows sugar to leave the blood stream and enter cells

when insulin is either absent or not working sugar remains in the blood, resulting in hyperglycemia and diabetes

medical terminology a short course (2 decks)

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