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Gastrointestinal > Ch 1 Anatomy > Flashcards

Ch 1 Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Two groups of organs make up the digestive system

A

Gastrointestinal Tract

Accessory Digestive organs

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2
Q

A continuous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus

A

GI tract

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3
Q

GI tract is also known as:

A

Alimentary canal

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4
Q

What are the accessory digestive organs?

A

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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5
Q

Three regions of the abdomen

A

Intrathoracic

True Abdomen

Retroperitoneal

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6
Q

Region enclosed by the lower ribs and immediately distal to the diaphragm

A

Intrathoracic

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7
Q

Organs of the intrathoracic region

A

Liver

Gallbladder

Spleen

Stomach

Transverse Colon

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8
Q

What region contains:

  • Small Intestines
  • Large Intestines
  • Liver, lower portions
  • Bladder
  • Female: Uterus, Fallopian Tubes, Ovaries
A

True Abdomen

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9
Q

What are the organs of the retroperitoneal abdomen?

A

Kidneys

Ureters

Pancreas

Posterior Duodenum

Ascending and Descending Colon

Inferior Vena Cava

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10
Q

Six Basic Functions of digestion:

A

Ingestion

Secretion

Mixing and Propulsion

Digestion

Absorption

Defecation

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11
Q

Taking in food and liquid through the mouth

A

Ingestion

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12
Q

Cells lining GI tract produces water, acid, buffers, and enzymes to aid digestion

A

Secretion

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13
Q

Continuous contraction and relaxation moving food along the GI tract

“Motility”

A

Mixing and Propulsion

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14
Q

Mechanical and Chemical process that breaks down the food we ingest

A

Digestion

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15
Q

Small molecules produced in digestion moved into spaces to be used by cells

A

Absorption

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16
Q

Elimination of materials not absorbed by our body

A

Defecation

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17
Q

Four layers of the GI tract walls

A

Mucosa

Submucosa

Muscularis

Serosa

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18
Q

Innermost lining of the GI tract in direct contact with the substances passing through

A

Mucosa

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19
Q

Made up of areolar connective tissues that bind the mucosa to the muscularis

Contains blood and lymphatic vessels which absorb food molecules as they are broken down

A

Submucosa

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20
Q

Contains skeletal (voluntary) muscles and smooth (involuntary) muscles

A

Muscularis

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21
Q

Two layers of the serosa

A

Visceral peritoneum

Parietal peritoneum

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22
Q

Outermost layer around the organs of the GI tract

A

Visceral peritoneum

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23
Q

Lines the walls of the abdominal cavity

A

Parietal peritoneum

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24
Q

Fatty Apron that drapes over the transverse colon and small intestine

A

G (greater omentum)

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25
Q

Binds the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall

A

M (mesentery)

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26
Q

Three pairs of salivary glands

A

Parotid

Submandibular

Sublingual

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27
Q

Helps dissolve foods and begins digestion

Made up of 99.5% water and 0.5% solutes

A

Saliva

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28
Q

Saliva:

Kills bacteria protecting the mouth from infection and tooth decay

A

Lysozomes

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29
Q

Begins the digestion of starches in the mouth

A

Salivary Amylase

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30
Q

Produced by the salivary glands lubricated food to assist with the swallowing of food

A

Mucous

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31
Q

Accessory digestive organ, made up of skeletal muscle

A

Tongue

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32
Q

Accessory organs of the GI tract located in bony sockets

Performs mechanical digestion

A

Teeth

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33
Q

Funnel shaped tube, located at the posterior end of the oral cavity

A

Pharynx

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34
Q

Three parts of the Pharynx

A

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

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35
Q

Helps food to propel food into the esophagus via muscular contractions

A

Laryngopharynx

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36
Q

Muscular tube, lined with stratified squamous epithelium

Posterior of the trachea

A

Esophagus

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37
Q

Three phases of swallowing

A

Voluntary

Pharyngeal

Esophageal

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38
Q

Bolus forced into the oropharynx by the movement of the tongue upward and backward against the palate

A

Voluntary swallowing

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39
Q

Begins when the bolus is in the oropharynx

Breathing is temporarily interrupted

Soft palate and uvula move upward

Epiglottis seals off the larynx

UES relaxes and bolus moves into the esophagus

A

Pharyngeal Swallowing

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40
Q

Begins when the bolus moves into the esophagus.

Bolus moved through via peristalsis.

LES relaxes and bolus moves into the stomach.

A

Esophageal Swallowing

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41
Q

J-Shaped organ of the GI tract, serves as a reservoir and mixing chamber for food, and aids in digestion.

Acidic, pH of 2

A

Stomach

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42
Q

Extends from the end of the esophagus to the tip of the duodenum

Most elastic part of the GI tract

Can be stretched to accommodate up 6.4 L

43
Q

Four main regions of the stomach

A

Cardia

Fundus

Body

Pylorus

44
Q

Gastric gland cells are what type of cells?

Excrete how many types of contents that combine to create gastric juice?

A

Exocrine

3

45
Q

Three gastric gland cells

A

Mucous neck cells

Chief Cells (Pepsinogen)

Parietal cells (Hydrochloric acid)

46
Q

Major hormonal regulator of Hydrochloric Acid secretion

Gastrin is secreted by G cells in the pyloric antrum of the stomach

47
Q

A thick liquid with the consistency of pea soup in the stomach that is made up of gastric juices and macerated food particles

48
Q

Different types of cells within the pancreas that make up hormones

A

Islets of Langerhans

49
Q

Most common cells in Islets of Langerhans, Beta cells produce:

50
Q

Glucagon is produced by:

A

Alpha cells (in the islets of Langerhans)

51
Q

Glucagon’s role in the body is to prevent:

A

Blood glucose levels dropping too low

52
Q

One of the most important accessory organs within the GI system.

Has an exocrine function within the GI system.

53
Q

Plays a vital role in chemical digestion

Retroperitoneal organ that lies behind the stomach

Secretions are passed through the pancreatic duct

54
Q

Pancreas secretions pass through the pancreatic duct which joins the _______

From that duct, secretions pass through the ________ into the duodenum.

A

Common Bile

Sphincter of Oddi

55
Q

pH of Pancreatic juice

56
Q

Clear colorless liquid made up of three enzymes that consists mostly of water, some salts, and sodium bicarbonate

A

Pancreatic juice

57
Q

The three enzymes of pancreatic juice

A

Trypsin and chymotrypsin (protein digesting)

Pancreatic amylase (starch/carbohydrate digesting)

Pancreatic lipase (fat digesting)

58
Q

Pancreatic enzyme that breaks down proteins into amino acids, dipeptides and tripeptides

A

Trypsin and Chymotrypsin

59
Q

Pancreatic enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates and absorbed as monosaccharides

A

Pancreatic amylase

60
Q

Pancreatic enzyme that breaks down fats and is absorbed as monoglycerides and fatty acids

A

Pancreatic Lipase

61
Q

Nucleic acid digesting

A

Ribonuclease

62
Q

Second largest organ in the body located just below the diaphragm, mostly on the right side

63
Q

Liver is responsible for:

A

Carbohydrate metabolism

Lipid metabolism

Protein metabolism

Processing of drugs and hormones

Excretion of bilirubin

Storage of vitamins and minerals

Activation of Vitamin D

64
Q

Bile pigment and is one end-product of heme catabolism.

Chemical responsible for the brown color of feces

A

Stercobilin

65
Q

Major functional cells of the liver that perform metabolic, secretory and endocrine functions

A

Hepatocytes

66
Q

Pear-shaped sac that hands from the inferior margin of the liver

A

Gallbladder

67
Q

Gallbladder functions

A

Stores bile to be released into the small intestine

Aids in chemical digestion, especially digestion of fats

68
Q

Secretions of bile and waste travel through a series of ducts from the:

A

Liver and gallbladder to the duodenum

69
Q

Bile and waste created in the liver are passed into the:

A

Left and Right Hepatic duct

70
Q

Bile produced in the gallbladder is secreted through the:

A

Cystic Duct

71
Q

The left and right hepatic duct form with the cystic duct to create the:

A

Common Bile duct

72
Q

The common bile duct forms with the pancreatic duct to form the:

A

Hepatopancreatic duct

73
Q

The muscular valve that controls the passage of contents from the hepatopancreatic duct into the duodenum

A

Sphincter of Oddi

74
Q

Length of the small intestine in a living person and a cadaver

A

Living: 3m (10ft)

Cadaver: 6.5m (21ft)

75
Q

Intestinal glands contain what 3 types of endocrine cells that secrete hormones:

A

S cells

CCK cells

K cells

76
Q

Secrete the hormone Secretin, which stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice

77
Q

Secrete Cholecystokinin, which regulates gastric emptying, stimulates bile and pancreatic juice, causes relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi, and the feeling of satiety (feeling full to satisfaction)

78
Q

Three different segments of the small intestine

A

Duodenum

Jejunum

Ileum

79
Q

Attaches to the pyloric sphincter of the stomach

80
Q

Middle section of the small intestine

81
Q

Attaches to the large intestine at the ileocecal sphincter valve

82
Q

Significant landmark of the duodenum which connects at the duodenal-jejunal flexure and serves to secure those segments to the posterior wall.

Line of demarcation for GI bleeds

A

Ligament of Trietz

83
Q

Most of the digestion and absorption occurs in:

A

Small Intestine

84
Q

Small intestine

Absorption of sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids

85
Q

Small intestine

Absorbs remaining nutrients, B12, and bile salts

86
Q

Mechanical digestion via:

A

Segmentation and peristalsis

87
Q

Chemical digestion via:

A

Pancreatic enzymes, bile and intestinal juice

88
Q

Nutrients are broken down into their simplest form which can be absorbed.

These molecules are then absorbed by:

A

Microvilli and villi

89
Q

Nutrients diffused from the villi to the:

A

Bloodstream and finally the liver

90
Q

Food and nutrients are absorbed in their simplest forms of:

A

Monosaccharides

Amino acids, dipeptides and tripeptides

Monoglycerides and fatty acids

Ions and water

Vitamins A, D, E, and K

91
Q

The last part of the GI tract

A

Large intestine

92
Q

Four parts of the large intestine

A

Cecum

Colon

Rectum

Anal canal

93
Q

First segment of the large intestine

Appendix attaches here

94
Q

Broken down into ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid portions

95
Q

Connects the sigmoid colon to the anus

96
Q

Last 2-3 cm of the rectum consisting of internal (involuntary) and external (voluntary) sphincters

A

Anal Canal

97
Q

The large intestine functions to:

A

Complete absorption of water, electrolytes and vitamins

Absorbs certain vitamins produced by healthy gut bacteria.
-B & K are needed for normal metabolism

Forms feces (unabsorbed digested material to be expelled from the body)

98
Q

Three phases of digestion

A

Cephalic

Gastric

Intestinal

99
Q

The smell, sight, sound or thought of food activates neural centers in the brain stimulating the salivary glands to secrete saliva and the gastric glands to secrete gastric juice

A

Cephalic Digestion

100
Q

Starts when food enters the stomach. Gastrin is released promoting the release of gastric juice which increases the mobility of the stomach, relaxes the pyloric sphincter and promotes gastric emptying.

A

Gastric Digestion

101
Q

Starts when food enters the small intestine. Inhibitory effects slow gastric emptying and excitatory effects stimulate the secretion of pancreatic juices to aid in the absorption and digestion.

A

Intestinal Digestion

102
Q

What cells turn pepsinogen into pepsin?

A

Parietal cells

103
Q

Secrete glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), which stimulates the release of insulin

Gastrointestinal (3 decks)

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