Ch 1 Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
Two groups of organs make up the digestive system
A
Gastrointestinal Tract
Accessory Digestive organs
2
Q
A continuous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus
A
GI tract
3
Q
GI tract is also known as:
A
Alimentary canal
4
Q
What are the accessory digestive organs?
A
Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
5
Q
Three regions of the abdomen
A
Intrathoracic
True Abdomen
Retroperitoneal
6
Q
Region enclosed by the lower ribs and immediately distal to the diaphragm
A
Intrathoracic
7
Q
Organs of the intrathoracic region
A
Liver
Gallbladder
Spleen
Stomach
Transverse Colon
8
Q
What region contains:
- Small Intestines
- Large Intestines
- Liver, lower portions
- Bladder
- Female: Uterus, Fallopian Tubes, Ovaries
A
True Abdomen
9
Q
What are the organs of the retroperitoneal abdomen?
A
Kidneys
Ureters
Pancreas
Posterior Duodenum
Ascending and Descending Colon
Inferior Vena Cava
10
Q
Six Basic Functions of digestion:
A
Ingestion
Secretion
Mixing and Propulsion
Digestion
Absorption
Defecation
11
Q
Taking in food and liquid through the mouth
A
Ingestion
12
Q
Cells lining GI tract produces water, acid, buffers, and enzymes to aid digestion
A
Secretion
13
Q
Continuous contraction and relaxation moving food along the GI tract
“Motility”
A
Mixing and Propulsion
14
Q
Mechanical and Chemical process that breaks down the food we ingest
A
Digestion
15
Q
Small molecules produced in digestion moved into spaces to be used by cells
A
Absorption
16
Q
Elimination of materials not absorbed by our body
A
Defecation
17
Q
Four layers of the GI tract walls
A
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa
18
Q
Innermost lining of the GI tract in direct contact with the substances passing through
A
Mucosa
19
Q
Made up of areolar connective tissues that bind the mucosa to the muscularis
Contains blood and lymphatic vessels which absorb food molecules as they are broken down
A
Submucosa
20
Q
Contains skeletal (voluntary) muscles and smooth (involuntary) muscles
A
Muscularis
21
Q
Two layers of the serosa
A
Visceral peritoneum
Parietal peritoneum
22
Q
Outermost layer around the organs of the GI tract
A
Visceral peritoneum
23
Q
Lines the walls of the abdominal cavity
A
Parietal peritoneum
24
Q
Fatty Apron that drapes over the transverse colon and small intestine
A
G (greater omentum)
25
Binds the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall
M (mesentery)
26
Three pairs of salivary glands
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
27
Helps dissolve foods and begins digestion
Made up of 99.5% water and 0.5% solutes
Saliva
28
Saliva:
Kills bacteria protecting the mouth from infection and tooth decay
Lysozomes
29
Begins the digestion of starches in the mouth
Salivary Amylase
30
Produced by the salivary glands lubricated food to assist with the swallowing of food
Mucous
31
Accessory digestive organ, made up of skeletal muscle
Tongue
32
Accessory organs of the GI tract located in bony sockets
Performs mechanical digestion
Teeth
33
Funnel shaped tube, located at the posterior end of the oral cavity
Pharynx
34
Three parts of the Pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
35
Helps food to propel food into the esophagus via muscular contractions
Laryngopharynx
36
Muscular tube, lined with stratified squamous epithelium
Posterior of the trachea
Esophagus
37
Three phases of swallowing
Voluntary
Pharyngeal
Esophageal
38
Bolus forced into the oropharynx by the movement of the tongue upward and backward against the palate
Voluntary swallowing
39
Begins when the bolus is in the oropharynx
Breathing is temporarily interrupted
Soft palate and uvula move upward
Epiglottis seals off the larynx
UES relaxes and bolus moves into the esophagus
Pharyngeal Swallowing
40
Begins when the bolus moves into the esophagus.
Bolus moved through via peristalsis.
LES relaxes and bolus moves into the stomach.
Esophageal Swallowing
41
J-Shaped organ of the GI tract, serves as a reservoir and mixing chamber for food, and aids in digestion.
Acidic, pH of 2
Stomach
42
Extends from the end of the esophagus to the tip of the duodenum
Most elastic part of the GI tract
Can be stretched to accommodate up 6.4 L
Stomach
43
Four main regions of the stomach
Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pylorus
44
Gastric gland cells are what type of cells?
Excrete how many types of contents that combine to create gastric juice?
Exocrine
3
45
Three gastric gland cells
Mucous neck cells
Chief Cells (Pepsinogen)
Parietal cells (Hydrochloric acid)
46
Major hormonal regulator of Hydrochloric Acid secretion
Gastrin is secreted by G cells in the pyloric antrum of the stomach
Gastrin
47
A thick liquid with the consistency of pea soup in the stomach that is made up of gastric juices and macerated food particles
Chyme
48
Different types of cells within the pancreas that make up hormones
Islets of Langerhans
49
Most common cells in Islets of Langerhans, Beta cells produce:
Insulin
50
Glucagon is produced by:
Alpha cells (in the islets of Langerhans)
51
Glucagon's role in the body is to prevent:
Blood glucose levels dropping too low
52
One of the most important accessory organs within the GI system.
Has an exocrine function within the GI system.
Pancreas
53
Plays a vital role in chemical digestion
Retroperitoneal organ that lies behind the stomach
Secretions are passed through the pancreatic duct
Pancreas
54
Pancreas secretions pass through the pancreatic duct which joins the _______
From that duct, secretions pass through the ________ into the duodenum.
Common Bile
Sphincter of Oddi
55
pH of Pancreatic juice
7.1-8.2
56
Clear colorless liquid made up of three enzymes that consists mostly of water, some salts, and sodium bicarbonate
Pancreatic juice
57
The three enzymes of pancreatic juice
Trypsin and chymotrypsin (protein digesting)
Pancreatic amylase (starch/carbohydrate digesting)
Pancreatic lipase (fat digesting)
58
Pancreatic enzyme that breaks down proteins into amino acids, dipeptides and tripeptides
Trypsin and Chymotrypsin
59
Pancreatic enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates and absorbed as monosaccharides
Pancreatic amylase
60
Pancreatic enzyme that breaks down fats and is absorbed as monoglycerides and fatty acids
Pancreatic Lipase
61
Nucleic acid digesting
Ribonuclease
62
Second largest organ in the body located just below the diaphragm, mostly on the right side
Liver
63
Liver is responsible for:
Carbohydrate metabolism
Lipid metabolism
Protein metabolism
Processing of drugs and hormones
Excretion of bilirubin
Storage of vitamins and minerals
Activation of Vitamin D
64
Bile pigment and is one end-product of heme catabolism.
Chemical responsible for the brown color of feces
Stercobilin
65
Major functional cells of the liver that perform metabolic, secretory and endocrine functions
Hepatocytes
66
Pear-shaped sac that hands from the inferior margin of the liver
Gallbladder
67
Gallbladder functions
Stores bile to be released into the small intestine
Aids in chemical digestion, especially digestion of fats
68
Secretions of bile and waste travel through a series of ducts from the:
Liver and gallbladder to the duodenum
69
Bile and waste created in the liver are passed into the:
Left and Right Hepatic duct
70
Bile produced in the gallbladder is secreted through the:
Cystic Duct
71
The left and right hepatic duct form with the cystic duct to create the:
Common Bile duct
72
The common bile duct forms with the pancreatic duct to form the:
Hepatopancreatic duct
73
The muscular valve that controls the passage of contents from the hepatopancreatic duct into the duodenum
Sphincter of Oddi
74
Length of the small intestine in a living person and a cadaver
Living: 3m (10ft)
Cadaver: 6.5m (21ft)
75
Intestinal glands contain what 3 types of endocrine cells that secrete hormones:
S cells
CCK cells
K cells
76
Secrete the hormone Secretin, which stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice
S cells
77
Secrete Cholecystokinin, which regulates gastric emptying, stimulates bile and pancreatic juice, causes relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi, and the feeling of satiety (feeling full to satisfaction)
CCK Cells
78
Three different segments of the small intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
79
Attaches to the pyloric sphincter of the stomach
Duodenum
80
Middle section of the small intestine
Jejunum
81
Attaches to the large intestine at the ileocecal sphincter valve
Ileum
82
Significant landmark of the duodenum which connects at the duodenal-jejunal flexure and serves to secure those segments to the posterior wall.
Line of demarcation for GI bleeds
Ligament of Trietz
83
Most of the digestion and absorption occurs in:
Small Intestine
84
Small intestine
Absorption of sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids
Jejunum
85
Small intestine
Absorbs remaining nutrients, B12, and bile salts
Ileum
86
Mechanical digestion via:
Segmentation and peristalsis
87
Chemical digestion via:
Pancreatic enzymes, bile and intestinal juice
88
Nutrients are broken down into their simplest form which can be absorbed.
These molecules are then absorbed by:
Microvilli and villi
89
Nutrients diffused from the villi to the:
Bloodstream and finally the liver
90
Food and nutrients are absorbed in their simplest forms of:
Monosaccharides
Amino acids, dipeptides and tripeptides
Monoglycerides and fatty acids
Ions and water
Vitamins A, D, E, and K
91
The last part of the GI tract
Large intestine
92
Four parts of the large intestine
Cecum
Colon
Rectum
Anal canal
93
First segment of the large intestine
Appendix attaches here
Cecum
94
Broken down into ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid portions
Colon
95
Connects the sigmoid colon to the anus
Rectum
96
Last 2-3 cm of the rectum consisting of internal (involuntary) and external (voluntary) sphincters
Anal Canal
97
The large intestine functions to:
Complete absorption of water, electrolytes and vitamins
Absorbs certain vitamins produced by healthy gut bacteria.
-B & K are needed for normal metabolism
Forms feces (unabsorbed digested material to be expelled from the body)
98
Three phases of digestion
Cephalic
Gastric
Intestinal
99
The smell, sight, sound or thought of food activates neural centers in the brain stimulating the salivary glands to secrete saliva and the gastric glands to secrete gastric juice
Cephalic Digestion
100
Starts when food enters the stomach. Gastrin is released promoting the release of gastric juice which increases the mobility of the stomach, relaxes the pyloric sphincter and promotes gastric emptying.
Gastric Digestion
101
Starts when food enters the small intestine. Inhibitory effects slow gastric emptying and excitatory effects stimulate the secretion of pancreatic juices to aid in the absorption and digestion.
Intestinal Digestion
102
What cells turn pepsinogen into pepsin?
Parietal cells
103
Secrete glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), which stimulates the release of insulin
K cells
