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Endocrine > Ch 1 A&P > Flashcards

Ch 1 A&P Flashcards

1
Q

Major glands of the Endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus

Pituitary

Thyroid

Parathyroid

Pancreas

Adrenals

Ovaries & Testes

Pineal Gland

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2
Q

A specific cell with specific receptors that will respond to specific hormones

A

Target cell

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3
Q

What has receptors that bind and recognize a hormone?

A

Target cells for that specific hormone

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4
Q

A target cell will have ______ receptors for a particular hormone

A

2,000-100,000

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5
Q

Hormones are either ____-soluble or _____-soluble

A

Lipid-soluble

Water-soluble

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6
Q

Lipid Soluble Hormones

A
  • Steroid hormones
  • Thyroid hormones
  • Nitric Oxide
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7
Q

Water soluble hormone receptors

A

Amino Acids

  • Short-chain: Antidiuretic Hormone
  • Long-chain: Insulin
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8
Q

Hormones influence their target cells by:

A

Chemically binding to specific protein

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9
Q

‘Master SWITCHBOARD’, part of the brain that controls the endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus

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10
Q

Acts as a major link between the endocrine system and the nervous system

A

Hypothalamus

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11
Q

‘MASTER GLAND’ of the body because it regulates the activity of the endocrine glands

A

Pituitary gland

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12
Q

How many hormones does the hypothalamus secrete?

A

9

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13
Q

How many hormones does the pituitary gland secrete?

A

7

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14
Q

Stalk like structure, attaches the pituitary to the hypothalamus

A

Infundibulum

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15
Q

Within the infundibulum, blood vessels that connect capillaries in the hypothalamus to capillaries in the anterior pituitary and carries hormones secreted by the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

A

Hypophyseal portal veins

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16
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH) stimulates:

A

FSH & LH

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17
Q

Growth hormone-releasing hormone stimulates:

A

HGH & IGF

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18
Q

Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone inhibits

A

HGH & IGF

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19
Q

Thyroid-releasing hormone stimulates

A

TSH

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20
Q

Prolactin-releasing hormone stimulates

A

PR

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21
Q

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone inhibits:

A

PR

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22
Q

Corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulates:

A

ACTH

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23
Q

Stimulates FSH & LH

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

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24
Q

Stimulates HGH & IGF

A

Growth hormone-releasing hormone

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25
Q

Inhibits HGH & IGF

A

Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone

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26
Q

Stimulates TSH

A

Thyroid-releasing hormone

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27
Q

Stimulates PR

A

Prolactin-releasing hormone

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28
Q

Inhibits PR

A

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone

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29
Q

Stimulates ACTH

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

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30
Q

Gland that is about the size of a small grape and has two lobes

A

Pituitary gland

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31
Q

Both lobes of the pituitary rest in the ________, a cup shaped depression in the sphenoid bone

A

Hypophyseal fossa

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32
Q

A hormone that stimulates an endocrine gland to grow and secrete its hormones

A

Tropic Hormones

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33
Q

Promotes synthesis and secretion of Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGFs)

A

Human Growth Hormone (HGH)

From Anterior Pituitary

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34
Q

Insulin-like growth factors are proteins secreted mainly by cells in the liver, but is also secreted in skeletal muscles, cartilage, bones, and other tissues in response to stimulation of:

A

HGH

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35
Q

Stimulates protein synthesis, helps maintain muscle and bone mass, and promote healing of injury and tissue repair

A

HGH

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36
Q

Enhances breakdown of triglycerides, which release fatty acid into the blood, and breakdown of liver glycogen, which releases glucose into the blood

A

HGH

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37
Q

Maintains blood concentration by means of a negative feedback loop

A

HGH

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38
Q

What hormone controls secretion of HGH when blood glucose is low?

A

Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH)

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39
Q

What hormone controls secretion of HGH when blood glucose levels are too high?

A

Growth Hormone-Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH)

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40
Q

Stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland

A

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

From Anterior Pituitary

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41
Q

What controls Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) secretion?

A

Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) from the Hypothalamus

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42
Q

Initiates the development of ovarian follicles, stimulates follicular cells to excrete estrogen.

Stimulates sperm production in testes.

A

Follicle-Stimulation Hormone (FSH)

From Anterior Pituitary

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43
Q

What controls FSH secretion?

A

GnRH from the hypothalamus

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44
Q

Triggers ovulation

Stimulates formation of the corpus luteum in the ovary and the secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum

Stimulates the testes to secrete testosterone

A

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

From Anterior Pituitary

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45
Q

Controls the secretion of LH

A

GnRH from the hypothalamus

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46
Q

Initiates and maintains milk production by the mammary glands

A

Prolactin (PRL)

From Anterior Pituitary

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47
Q

Suppresses release of prolactin most of the time

A

Prolactin-Inhibiting Hormone (PIH)

From Anterior Pituitary

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48
Q

Promote the secretion of Prolactin

A

Estrogens during pregnancy

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49
Q

Controls the production and secretion of hormones called Glucocorticoids by the cortex (outer portion) of the adrenal gland

A

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

From Anterior Pituitary

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50
Q

Stimulates the secretion of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone from the Hypothalamus

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51
Q

Excessive amount can cause darkening of the skin

Very little in humans

A

Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

From Anterior Pituitary

52
Q

Posterior pituitary contains axons and axon terminals of neurosecretory cells whose cell bodies are in:

A

The Hypothalamus

53
Q

The posterior pituitary does not synthesize hormones, but it does store and release which two hormones?

A

Oxytocin

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

54
Q

Released in large quantities just prior to childbirth to enhance contraction of smooth muscle cells in the wall of the uterus

A

Oxytocin

From Posterior Pituitary

55
Q

Stimulates milk ejection from the mammary glands in response to the suckling infant

A

Oxytocin

From Posterior Pituitary

56
Q

Decreases urine production

Causes the kidneys to retain more water, thus decreasing urine volume

Decreases water loss through sweating

Causes constriction of arterioles, thus causing an increase in blood pressure

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

From Posterior Pituitary

57
Q

In the absence of ADH, an individual’s urine output will increase from 1-2 liters per day to:

A

20 Liters

58
Q

The thyroid gland’s function is to run the:

A

Basal metabolic rate

59
Q

The rate at which the body uses energy while at rest to keep vital functions going, such as breathing, keeping the heart beating, and keeping the body warm

A

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

60
Q

Butterfly shaped gland located just below the larynx

Composed of right and left lobes on either side of the trachea

A

Thyroid

61
Q

Thyroid

Spherical sacs that make up most of the gland

A

Thyroid follicles

62
Q

Thyroid

The wall of each follicle consists of cells called Follicular cells which produce which two thyroid hormones?

A

Thyroxine (T4)

Triiodothyronine (T3)

63
Q

Most body cells have receptors for ______ hormones

A

Thyroid

64
Q

Hormones increase BMR, the rate of oxygen consumption under standard or basal conditions

A

Thyroid homones

65
Q

Hormones that play an important role in the maintenance of normal body temperature

A

Thyroid hormones

66
Q

Stimulate protein synthesis

INCREASES the use of glucose and fatty acid for ATP production

INCREASES the breakdown of triglycerides

ENHANCES cholesterol excretion thus reducing blood cholesterol

A

Thyroid hormones

67
Q

Thyroid hormones stimulate growth, particularly the nervous and skeletal systems with _____ and ______

A

Human Growth Hormone

Insulin

68
Q

Calcitonin is produced by _______ cells of the thyroid gland

A

Parafollicular cells

69
Q

Decreases the level of calcium in the blood by inhibiting the action of osteoclasts, the cells that break down bone

A

Calcitonin

70
Q

Small round masses of glandular tissue that are partially embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

A

Parathyroid gland

71
Q

What releases parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A

Chief cells (from the parathyroid)

72
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) is the major regulator of the levels of which ions in the blood?

A

Calcium

Magnesium

Phosphate

73
Q

Increases the number and activity of osteoclasts, which break down bone extracellular matrix and release calcium and phosphate into the blood

A

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

74
Q

PTH produces which three changes in the kidney?

A

Slows loss of Ca+ and Mg

Increases loss of Phosphate

Formation of the hormone Calcitriol

75
Q

Elevated levels of PTH can cause what symptoms?

A

Bone Pain

Kidney Stones

Headaches

Abdominal Pain

76
Q

Low levels of PTH can cause what kind of symptoms?

A

Carpopedal spasms

Abdominal cramps

Muscle cramps

77
Q

Flattened organ located in the curve of the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine

Has both endocrine and exocrine functions

A

Pancreas

78
Q

The endocrine part of the pancreas consists of clusters of cells called:

A

Pancreatic islets (Islets of Langerhans)

79
Q

Alpha cells secrete the hormone:

A

Glucagon

80
Q

Beta cells secrete the hormone:

A

Insulin

81
Q

Alpha cells release is stimulated by the ______ division of the ANS

A

Sympathetic

82
Q

Beta cells release is stimulated by the _______ division of the ANS

A

Parasympathetic

83
Q

Main action is to increase blood glucose levels when it falls below normal

A

Glucagon

84
Q

Helps move glucose into cells, especially muscle fibers, which lower blood glucose level when it is too high

A

Insulin

85
Q

Controls secretion of both glucagon and insulin via negative feedback

A

Blood Glucose

86
Q

Promotes uptake of amino acids into the body cells and increases the synthesis of protein and fatty acid within the cells

A

Insulin

87
Q

The Adrenal cortex consists of which three zones?

A

Zona Glomerulosa (OUTER)

Zona Fasciculata (MIDDLE)

Zona Reticularis (INNER)

88
Q

Releases hormones called mineral corticoids because of their effect on mineral homeostasis

Aldosterone

A

Zona Glomerulosa (Outer zone of the Adrenal Cortex)

89
Q

Releases hormones called glucocorticoids because they affect glucose homeostasis

Cortisol

A

Zona Fasciculata (Middle zone of the Adrenal Cortex)

90
Q

Zone of the Adrenal Cortex that releases androgens

A

Zona Reticularis (Inner zone of the Adrenal Cortex)

91
Q

Adrenal Medulla

Consists of _________ cells of the ANS that are specialized to secrete hormones known as catecholamines

  • Epinephrine
  • Norepinephrine
A

Postganglionic cells

92
Q

Major mineral corticoid

A

Aldosterone

93
Q

Regulates homeostasis of two mineral ions, Sodium (NA+) and Potassium ions (K+)

  • Increases reabsorption of Na+ from urine to blood
  • Stimulates excretion of K+ into urine
A

Aldosterone

94
Q

Adjusts blood pressure and volume, promotes excretion of H+ in the urine.

A

Aldosterone

95
Q

Secretion of aldosterone occurs as part of the ______ pathway

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway

96
Q

Conditions that initiate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway

A

Change in blood pressure/volume:

  • Dehydration
  • Na+ deficiency
  • Hemorrhage
97
Q

Lowered blood pressure stimulates the kidney to secrete the enzyme _______, which promotes a reaction in the blood to form angiotensin I

A

Renin

98
Q

As blood flows through the lungs, which enzyme converts inactive angiotensin I into active hormone angiotensin II?

A

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

99
Q

Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete:

A

Aldosterone

100
Q

Aldosterone acts on the kidneys to promote the return of ____ and water to blood, which increases blood pressure (less is loss in urine)

A

Na+

101
Q

Most abundant glucocorticoid

A

Cortisol

102
Q

Actions of glucocorticoids

A

Protein breakdown

Triglyceride breakdown

Glucose formation

Anti-inflammatory effects

Depression of immune response

103
Q

A low blood level of cortisol stimulates neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus to secrete _______ to the Anterior Pituitary.

This stimulates the release of _________.

______ stimulates cells of the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

ACTH

104
Q

In females, adrenal androgens play what two important roles?

A

Contribute to libido

Converted into estrogens by other body tissues

105
Q

After menopause, all female estrogen comes from conversions of:

A

Adrenal Androgens

106
Q

Adrenal Medulla

In stressful situation and during exercise, which neurons stimulate the cells of the adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons

107
Q

Increase blood flow to the heart, liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue; dilate airways to the lungs; and increase blood levels of glucose and fatty acid; also helps the body resist stress

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

108
Q

A small endocrine gland attached to the roof of the third ventricle of the brain at the midline

A

Pineal Gland

109
Q

Hormone secreted by the pineal gland that contributes to setting the body’s biological clock (circadian rhythm)

A

Melatonin

110
Q

Aging

Human growth hormone decreases, this causes:

A

Muscle Atrophy

111
Q

Aging

Thyroid hormones (T3, T4, and Calcitonin) decreases causing:

A

Decreased metabolic rate

Increased body fat

Hypothyroidism

112
Q

As we age Parathyroid hormone:

A

Rises

113
Q

The rise in PTH and the fall in calcitonin as we age results in:

A

Decrease in bone mass leading to osteoporosis

114
Q

As we age insulin is released more _____ causing blood glucose levels to increase faster

A

Slowly

115
Q

As we age

Estrogen decreases. Ovaries no longer respond to gonadotropins. This leads to conditions like:

A

Osteoporosis

High blood cholesterol

Atherosclerosis

116
Q

Any stimulus that produces a stress response

A

Stressor

117
Q

First stage of stress response

A

Fight-or-flight

118
Q

Second stage of stress response

A

Resistance reaction

119
Q

Third stage of stress response

A

Exhaustion

120
Q

Flight-or-flight

Initiated by nerve impulses from the ______ to the sympathetic division of the ANS

A

Hypothalamus

121
Q

Fight-or-flight response bring huge amounts of glucose and oxygen to:

A

Brain

Skeletal muscles

Heart

122
Q

Fight-or-flight response reduces blood flow to where?

This helps preserve blood fluid volume in case of severe bleeding

A

Kidneys

123
Q

Helps the body continue fighting a stressor long after the fight-or-flight response dissipates

A

Resistance Reaction

124
Q

Stressor stage that uses cortisol, Growth hormone-releasing hormone, and Thyrotropin-releasing Hormone

A

Resistance Reaction

125
Q

When the resistance stressor stage fails to combat the stressor

A

Exhaustion

126
Q

People under stress are at greater risk for:

A

Developing chronic disease or dying prematurely

127
Q

Stress related disorders

A

Gastritis

Ulcerative colitis

Irritable bowel syndrome

Hypertension

Asthma

Rheumatoid arthritis

Migraines

Anxiety

Depression

Endocrine (2 decks)

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