Ch. 1

Question 1

anthropology

Answer 1

study of the full scope of human diversity, past and present, and the application of that knowledge to help people of different backgrounds better understand one another.

Question 2

Franz Boas

Answer 2

founder of American anthropology who challenged popular ideas of racist immigration practices in early 20th c. (1858-1942)

Question 3

Audrey Richards

Answer 3

Bemba people in 1930’s Zambia and studying maternal health and nutrition (1899-1956)

Question 4

ethnocentrism

Answer 4

the belief that one’s own culture or way of life is normal and natural; using one’s own culture to evaluate and judge the practices and ideals of others

Question 5

ethnographic fieldwork

Answer 5

a primary research strategy in cultural anthropology involving living with a community of people over an extended period to better understand their lives.

Question 6

four-field approach

Answer 6

the use of four interrelated disciplines to study humanity; physical anthropology, archaeology, linguistic anthropology, and cultural anthropology.

Question 7

holism

Answer 7

the anthropological commitment to consider the full scope of human life including culture, biology, history, and language across space and time.

Question 8

physical anthropology

Answer 8

the study of humans from a biological perspective, particularly focused on human evolution

Question 9

paleoanthropology

Answer 9

the study of the history of human evolution through the fossil record

Question 10

primatology

Answer 10

the study of living nonhuman primates as well as primate fossils to better understand human evolution and early human behavior

Question 11

archaeology

Answer 11

the investigation of the human past by means of excavating and analyzing artifacts.

Question 12

prehistoric archaeology

Answer 12

the reconstruction of human behavior in the distant past (before written records) through the examination of artifacts.

Question 13

historic archaeology

Answer 13

the exploration of the more recent past through an examination of physical remains and artifacts as well as written or oral records.

Question 14

linguistic anthropology

Answer 14

the study of human language in the past and present

Question 15

descriptive linguists

Answer 15

those who analyze languages and their component parts

Question 16

historic linguists

Answer 16

those who study how language changes over time within a culture and how languages travel across cultures.

Question 17

sociolinguistics

Answer 17

those who study language in its social and cultural contexts

Question 18

cultural anthropology

Answer 18

the study of people’s communities, behaviors, beliefs, and institutions, including how people make meaning as they live, work, and play together.

Question 19

participant observation

Answer 19

a key anthropological research strategy involving both participation in an observation of the daily life of the people being studied.

Question 20

ethnology

Answer 20

the analysis and comparison of ethnographic data across cultures.

Question 21

globalization

Answer 21

the worldwide intensification of interactions and increased movement of money, people, goods, and ideas within and across national borders.

Question 22

time-space compression

Answer 22

the rapid innovation of communication and transportation technologies associated with globalization that transforms the way people think about space and time.

Question 23

flexible accumulation

Answer 23

the increasingly flexible strategies that corporations use to accumulate profits in an era of globalization, enabled by innovative communication and transportation technologies.

Question 24

increasing migration

Answer 24

the accelerated movement of people within and between countries

Question 25

uneven development

Answer 25

the unequal distribution of the benefits of globalization.

Question 26

rapid change

Answer 26

the dramatic transformations of economics, politics, and culture characteristic of contemporary globalization.

Question 27

climate change

Answer 27

changes to earth’s climate, including global warming produced primarily by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases created by human activity such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation.

Question 28

William Rathje

Answer 28

a garbologist at the University of Arizona who learns about contemporary culture by what people throw away.