Ch 1 Flashcards
Define anatomy and describe three ways of studying this subject.
Study of body structures.
Observation
Palpation
Auscultation
Cadaver dissection
Comparative anatomy
Define physiology and give three subsets of the subject.
The study of the body’s function.
Neurophysiology
Pathophysiology
Endocrinology
Comparative physiology
Define radiology.
Branch of medicine studying medical imaging techniques.
Contrast histology and cytology, and relate them to the levels of complexity in biological systems.
Histology is the study of tissue structure and function. Cytology is the study of cellular structure and function.
Histology represents the study of structure with greater complexity since tissues are made of many different cells.
What it’s ultrastructure?
The molecular detail visible in cells made possible by EM.
What is histopathology?
Histopathology is the microscopic examination of tissues for disease.
Who invented the x-ray image?
William Roentgen
How are CT, PET, and MRI images different?
CT scans use multiple low dose x-ray images to construct a 3D image.
PET scans image radiation emitted by ingested/injected radioactive glucose. Examines metabolic activity of tissues.
MRI scans use magnetic fields to generate an image. Can be used for soft tissue imaging.
Describe the reference man and reference woman.
Reference man: 22 y.o., 154 lbs, exercises lightly, 2800 kcal/day
Reference woman: 22 y.o., 128 lbs, exercises lightly, 2000 kcal/day
List biologically relevant systems from most complex to least complex.
Organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle, molecule, atom
Give three (of five) characteristics of living things.
- Organization
- Homeostasis
- Responsiveness
- Made of cells
- Metabolism
What is negative feedback, and what does it have to do with homeostasis?
Negative feedback is the mechanism that allows for homeostasis. It involves detection of deviation from a set point, and physiological efforts to return the body to the set point.
Explain the process of thermoregulation.
When the body temperature goes above its set point, cutaneous blood vessels dilate, and stimulate sweat glands to produce sweat. This allows for evaporative cooling off the body, and moves blood toward the body surface where it can cool.
When the body temperature drops below its set point, vasoconstriction occurs near the body surface. This keeps the internal organs warm, and prevents excessive heat loss. The body also behind shivering which generate additional heat to warm itself.
List the components of a negative feedback loop and describe their functions.
Receptor: senses change in a given state
Control center: processes info, directs response
Effector: performs corrective action
Define positive feedback and give an example.
Positive feedback is a process where a change away from a set point leads to greater movement away from that set point. Examples: contractions, blood clotting, fever, nerve signals
