Ch 1 Flashcards
The ability to detect a stimulus and, perhaps, to turn that detection into a private experience
Sensation
The act of giving meaning to a detective to sensation
Perception
In Philosophy, private conscious experience of sensation or perception
Quality
The idea that the mind has and existence separate from the body
Dualism
The idea that the mind exists as a property of all matter that is, that all matter has consciousness
Panpsyism
The science of defining quantitative relationships between physical and psychological events
Psychophysics
The minimum distance at which to stimuli are just perceptible as separate
Two point Touch threshold
The smallest detectable difference between two stimuli, what is the minimum change in a stimulus that enables it to be correctly judged as different from a reference stimulus
Just noticeable differenceor difference threshold
The constant of proportionality in Webbers law
Weber fraction
Depreciable describing the relationship between stimulus and resulting sensation that says the just noticeable difference is a constant fraction of the comparison stimulus
Webers law
The principal describing the relationship between stimulus and resulting sensation that says the magnitude of subjective sensation increase his proportionately to the logarithm of the stimulus intensity
Fletcher’s law
The minimum amount of simulation necessary for a person to detect a stimulus 50% of the time
Absolute threshold
A psycho physical method in which many stimuli, ranging from rarely to almost always perceivable are presented one of the time. participants respond to each presentation: “Yes/no” “same/different” and so on
Method of constant stimuli
A psychophysical method in which the particular dimension of a stimulus, or the difference between two stimuli, is varied incrementally until the participant responds differently
Method of limits
A method of limits in which the subject controls the change in the stimulus
Method of adjustment
A psychophysical method in which the participant assigns values according to perceived magnitudes of the stimuli
Magnitude estimation
A printable describing the relationship between stimulus and resulting sensation that says the magnitude of subjective sensation is proportional to the stimulus magnitude raised to an exponent
Stevens power law
The ability to match the intensities of sensations that come from different sensory modalities. The ability allows insight into sensory differences. For example, a listener might adjust the brightness of the light until it matches the loudness of a tone
Cross modality matching
Super tasters are those individuals who experience the most intense tasting station; for some stimuli, they are dramatically more intense than the medium tasters or non-tasters. Super tasters also tend to experience more intense or Oral burn and oral touch sensation
Super taster
A psychophysical theory that quantifies the response of an observer to the presentation of a signal in the presence of noise measures obtain from a series of presentations are sensitivity and criterion of the observer
Signal detection theory
In signal detection theory, and internal threshold that is set by the observer. If the internal responses above criterion, the observer gives one response. Below criterion, the observer gives another response.
Criterion
In signal detection theory, a value that defines the ease with which in observer can tell the difference between the presence and absence of a stimulus or the difference between stimulus one and stimulus two
Sensitivity
In studies of signal detection, the graphical plot of the hit rate as a function of the false alarm rate. If these are the same, points fall on the diagonal, indicating that the observer cannot tell the difference between the presence and absence of the signal. As the observer sensitivity increases the curve bows upward toward the upper left corner. That Point represents a perfect ability to distinguish signal from noise
Receiver operating characteristics curve
A simple, smoothly changing oscillation that repeats across space. Higher frequency sine waves have more oscillation and lower frequencies have fewer oscillations over a given distance. Example one in hearing, a waveform for which variation as a function of time is a sign function also called . Pure tone. Example 2 Envision a pattern for whichvariations in property like brightness or color as a function of space is a sign function
Sine waves
The distance required for one full cycle of oscillation for a sine wave
Wavelength
For hearing, the time required for a full wave link of an acoustic sine wave to pass by a point in space
Period
A fraction of the cycle of the sine wave the scripted in degrees or radiance. And hearing, phase can be used to describe fractions of a period That relate to time
Phase
A mathematical procedure by which any signal can be separated into component sine waves at different frequencies. Combining these sine waves will reduce the original signal
Fourier analysis
The number of cycles of a grating per unit of visual angle
Spatial frequency
The number of pairs of dark and bright bars per degree of visual angle
Cycles per degree
A doctrine, formulated by Johannes Muller stating that the nature of a sensation depends on which sensory fibers are stimulated not on how fibers are stimulated
Doctrine of specific nerve energies
12 pairs of nerves that originate in the brainstem and reach sense organs and muscles through openings in the skull
Cranial nerves
The first pair of cranial nerves. The axons of the olfactory sensory Neurons bundled together after passing through the cribriform play to form the old factory nerve which conducts impulses from the olfactory epithelium in the nose to the olfactory bulb
Olfactory nerves
The second pair of cranial nerves which arise from the retina and carry visual information to the thalamus and other parts of the brain
Optic nerves
The eighth pair of cranial nerves which connects the inner ear with the brain transmitting impulses concerned with hearing and spa deal orientations. Vestibulocochlear nerve is composed of the cochlear nerve branch and the vestibular nerve branch
Vestibulocochlear
The third pair of cranial nerves which innervate all be extrinsic muscles of the eye except the lateral rectus and superior oblique muscles and which innervate the elevator muscle of the upper eyelid the ciliary muscle and the sphincter muscle of the pupil
Oculomotor nerve
The fourth pair of cranial nerves which innervate the superior oblique muscles of the eyeball
Trochlear nerve
The six pair of cranial nerve which innervate the lateral rectus muscle of the eyeball
Abducens nerve
Referring to blending multiple sensory systems
Polysensory
The idea that there is a fourth in life that is distinct from physical entities
Vitalism
The junction between neurons that permit information transfer
Synapse
I chemical substance used in neuronal communication at synapses
Neurotransmitters
A set of methods that generate images of the structure and or function of the brain. In many cases these methods allow us to examine the brain in living, behaving humans
Neuroimaging
A technique that using many electrodes on the scalp measured electrical activity from populations of many neurons in the brain
Electroencephalograph
A measure of electrical activity from a sub population of neurons in response to particular stimuli that requires averaging many EEG recordings
Event related potential
A technique similar to electroencephalography that measures changes in magnetic activity across populations of many neurons in the brain
Magnetoencephalopathy
An imaging technology that uses x-rays to create images of slices through volumes of material
Computed tomography
And imaging technology that uses the responses of Adams too strong magnetic fields to form images of the structures like the brain. The method can be adapted to measure activities in the brain as well
Magnetic resonance imaging
A very of magnetic resonance imaging that makes it possible to measure localize patterns of activity in the brain. Activated neurons provoke increased blood flow, which can be qualified by measuring changes in the response of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to strong magnetic field’s
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
The ratio of oxygenated to deoxygenated hemoglobin that permits the location of brain neurons that are most involved in a task
Blood oxygen level dependent
An imaging technology that enables us to define locations in the brain where neurons are especially active by measuring the metabolism of brain cells using save radioactive isotopes
Positron emission tomography
