Ch 1-6 deck Flashcards
1
Q
What is the smallest unit of life that can exist as a separate entity?
A
a cell
2
Q
What is the capacity to do work ?
A
energy.
3
Q
What is the ability to maintain a constant internal environment?
A
homeostasis.
4
Q
Homeostasis provides what kind of environment?
A
constant
5
Q
Each cell is able to maintain a constant internal environment. What is this called?
A
homeostasis.
6
Q
How are all organisms alike? 4endi
A
they require energy, they participate in nutrient cycles, their ultimate dependence on the sun, their interaction with other forms of life. 4
7
Q
Which of the following do not depend directly on sunlight for energy?
A
II and III only
8
Q
What are the characteristic of living organisms? 4cdre
A
complex structural organization, dependence on other organisms for energy and resources, capacity to reproduce and evolve
9
Q
What is the first explanation of a problem called in science? (It is sometimes called an “educated guess.”)
A
hypothesis
10
Q
What is an hypotheses?
A
A possible explanation for observations with testable predictions.
11
Q
In a scientific experiment, what are conditions called that could affect the outcome of the experiment, but do not because they are held constant?
A
controlled variables.
12
Q
What do you do to eliminate the influence of uncontrolled variables during experimentation?
A
establish a control group identical to the experimental group except for the variable being tested.
13
Q
In order to arrive at a solution to a problem, a scientist usually proposes and tests what?
A
hypotheses.
14
Q
What is a control in an experiment?
A
A standard of comparison for the experimental group.
15
Q
- The relationship between heat and energy and temperature and the average speed of molecules.
A
- Molecules move because they have kinetic energy. Temperature is another way to express the average kinetic energy.
16
Q
- How is science different from religion?
A
- Science requires physical proof and religion allows belief with no physical measurable evidence.
17
Q
- What is the difference between a theory and a hypothesis?
A
- An hypothesis is a guess and a theory is an hypothesis that has been refined and tested with a lot of supporting evidence and no refuting evidence.
18
Q
- When temperature goes down, what happens to the energy of molecules and the speed of molecules?
A
Decrease - temperature proportional to kinetic energy and molecular velocity
19
Q
- When water evaporates from your skin your skin feels cool. Is energy absorbed by your skin or absorbed by the water?
A
Water
20
Q
- When steam hits your skin it feels very hot and the water condenses. Which way is energy being transferred, to your skin or away from your skin?
A
To skin
21
Q
What is the smallest portion of a substance that retains the properties of an element?
A
atom
22
Q
Anything that has mass and occupies space is defined as what?
A
matter.
23
Q
To what does the atomic number refer?
A
number of protons in an atom.
24
Q
Define a compound.
A
a substance made of two or more different elements covalently bonded together.
25
What are the negative subatomic particles?
electron.
26
What are the positive subatomic particles?
proton.
27
What are the neutral subatomic particles?
neutron.
28
What does the nucleus of an atom contain?
neutrons and protons.
29
What determines the atomic weight (or mass) of an atom?
neutrons and protons.
30
10. What determines the atomic number of an atom?
protons only.
31
All atoms of an element have the same number of what?
protons.
32
Radioactive iodine tends to concentrate where?
thyroid glands.
33
What happens when a molecule is excited by heat or light?
an electron from an inner energy level may move to another level.
34
Define a molecule.
molecules are the smallest unit of a compound and is composed of individual atoms of different elements.
35
What is formed when an atom loses or gains an electron?
ion
36
What is the bond in table salt (NaCl)?
ionic.
37
The shape (or tertiary form) of large molecules is often controlled by what kind of bonds?
hydrogen bonds
38
What can an antioxidant do?
protect DNA from damage.
39
How do hydrophobic molecules interact with water?
repelled by it
40
Why is water is an excellent solvent? 5shhcl
Water is an excellent solvent because, it forms spheres of hydration around charged substances and can form hydrogen bonds with many nonpolar substances, it has a high heat of fusion, of its cohesive properties, it is a liquid at room temperature.
41
In a lipid bilayer, __________ tails point inward and form a region that excludes water.
hydrophobic
42
What does a salt form when it dissolves in water?
ions.
43
How is cellular pH kept near a value of 7 ?
buffers.
44
Carbon usually forms how many bonds with other atoms?
4
45
The formation of large molecules from small repeating units is known as what kind of reaction?
condensationa
46
The breakdown of large molecules by the enzymatic addition of water is an example of what kind of reaction?
hydrolysis
47
Which reaction results in the breakdown of a chemical into simpler substances?
hydrolysis
48
What substance is the most common in cells?
water
49
What is a _building block_ of carbohydrates?
simple sugar or monosaccharide
50
What is cellulose and where is it found?
a glucose polymer and a material found in cell walls.
51
What is sucrose composed of?
a molecule of fructose and a molecule of glucose.
52
What types of living things use glycogen is a polysaccharide for energy storage?
animals.
53
What kinds of molecules are triglycerides?
fats.
54
Give an example of a saturated fat?
butter.
55
What are lipids used for in many organisms?
Lipids serve as food reserves in many organisms.
56
What are steroids? 4lsmt
Steroids are compounds that are related to lipids, sex hormones, components of membranes, troublesome on walls of arteries.
57
What are the functions of proteins? 4shst
Proteins may function as, structural units, hormones, storage molecules, transport molecules.
58
Amino acids are the building blocks for what kind of molecule?
proteins.
59
What kind of bond exists between two amino acids in a protein?
peptide
60
Amino acids are linked by what kind of bonds to form the primary structure of a protein?
peptide
61
What is the disruption of a protein's three-dimensional shape called?
denaturation.
62
What is the nucleotide most closely associated with energy ?
ATP.
63
What is DNA and what is its function?
DNA is made of nucleotides and contains protein-building instructions.
64
47. Name the 4 types of biological macromolecules
47. Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids and Nucleic Acids
65
48. What elements are proteins made out of?
48. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
66
Every living organism must have what?
at least one cell.
67
Do all cells have a nucleus?
2. No
68
What organelle is the primary cellular sites for the assembly of proteins?
ribosomes
69
Which organelles are the primary structures for the packaging of cellular secretions for export from the cell.
Golgi bodies
70
Which organelles contain enzymes used in the breakdown of glucose and generation of ATP.
mitochondria
71
Where is the localized site for the majority of the DNA in the cell?
nucleus
72
What organelle is the site for protein modification and lipid synthesis?
endoplasmic reticulum
73
What internal structures are responsible for cell shape, internal organization, and movements.
cytoskeleton
74
Why can cell membranes perform special functions?
proteins in the lipid bilayer.
75
The relative impermeability of membranes to water-soluble molecules is a result of what?
presence of phospholipids in the lipid bilayer.
76
What organelle is NOT found as a part of ALL cells?
nucleus
77
When are Chromosomes visible?
Chromosomes are visible only during cell division.
78
An organelle composed of a system of canals, tubes, and sacs that transports molecules inside the cytoplasm is what?
endoplasmic reticulum.
79
These organelles are sometimes referred to as rough or smooth depending on the structure.
endoplasmic reticula
80
These organelles contain enzymes and are the main organelles of intracellular digestion.
lysosomes
81
How do animal cells dismantle and dispose of intracellular waste materials?
several lysosomes fusing with a sac that encloses the wastes.
82
What is the organelle that degrades potentially harmful hydrogen peroxide to harmless substances?
peroxisome.
83
Peroxisomes would most likely be involved in the metabolism of what molecule?
alcohol.
84
Which organelles are the primary cellular sites for the transfer of energy from carbohydrates?
mitochondria
85
Energy stored in which types of molecules is converted by mitochondria to a form usable by the cell?
carbon compounds
86
The interior surface area of mitochondria is greatly increased by what structure?
cristae.
87
Why do scientists believe that mitochondria may have evolved from bacteria?
mitochondria have their own DNA.
88
What limits the resolution of small details by a light microscope?
properties of the light waves.
89
The movement of water through a membrane is dependent on what?
the concentration of solute.
90
The rate of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane will be lowest when what is true?
Small difference in concentration or low temperature
91
A single-celled freshwater organism, such as a protistan, is transferred to salt water. What is likely to happen?
The cell shrinks.
92
What processes are active transport? 3
sodium-potassium pump, endocytosis, exocytosis
93
Phagocytosis is a type of what?
endocytosis.
94
Movement of a molecule against a concentration gradient is what?
active transport.
95
The method of movement that requires the expenditure of ATP molecules is called what?
active transport.
96
White blood cells use what process to get rid of foreign particles in the blood?
phagocytosis
97
The carrier molecules used in active transport are found where and what are they made of?
membrane proteins.
98
During enzyme catalyzed reactions, substrate is a synonym for what?
reactants.
99
O the four types of biological molecules what type of molecule is capable of enzymatic activity?
proteins
100
Is it true that each enzyme can catalyze a wide variety of different reactions?
No
101
Describe enzymes as completely as you can. 5scops
Specific, catalysts, organic molecules, have special shapes that control their activities, and are proteins.
102
What can control enzymatic reactions?
the amount of substrates available, the concentration of products, temperature, modification of reactive sites by substances that fit into the enzyme and, later, their reactive site.
103
When molecules are broken apart in respiration what happens to the energy released?
the energy released in respiration is channeled into molecules of ATP.
104
Humans derive most of their energy from what type of molecules?
carbohydrates.
105
What process liberates the most energy in the form of ATP?
aerobic respiration
106
Glycolysis depends upon a continuous supply of what molecule?
glucose.
107
Where does glycolysis occur and what are the products?
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and results in the production of pyruvate, ATP and NADH
108
The ultimate source of energy for living things is what?
the sun.
109
The Krebs cycle takes place in what organelle?
mitochondria.
110
Pyruvate is the end product of what process?
glycolysis.
111
When blood glucose levels decrease (as between meals), what reserves are tapped?
glycogen
112
When proteins and fats are used as energy sources, their breakdown subunits enter where is cell respiration?
the Krebs cycle.
113
What organelle is not found in the cytoplasm?
nucleolus
114
Which organelle is not bound by membranes?
ribosome
115
List the characteristics of the plasma membrane? 4
phospholipid, fluid mosaic, lipid bilayer, hydrophobic tails
116
Nucleus function
Protect and control access to DNA
117
Mitochondrian function
Powerhouse - make ATP by sugar breakdown (cellular respiration)
118
Ribosome function
Assemble polypeptide chains. Sites of protein synthesis. Both float free and attached to rough ER.
119
Cytoplasm function
Contents of a cell between membrane and nucleus. Includes jellylike cytosol.
120
Cytoskeleton function
Supports, gives shape, moves cell and cell parts. Microtubules/microfiliments/intermediate filaments/Centriole (anchor for cytoskeleton)
121
Rough ER function
Modifies new polypeptide chains,
122
Smooth ER function
Makes lipids, degrades fats, inactivates toxins
123
Lysosome function
intracellular digestion, digests and recycles
124
Peroxisome function
Inactivate toxins
125
Golgi Body
Modifies, sorts, ships proteins and lipids for export or insertion into cell membranes
126
Chemical and structural bridges link groups or layers of similar cells, uniting them in structure and function as what?
tissues.
127
Different tissues integrated and functioning with a common purpose defines what?
organs.
128
What are the basic types of tissues in the human body?
connective, nervous, epithelial, muscle
129
Stomach, spleen, liver, and pancreas are examples of what?
organs.
130
Circulatory, digestive, reproductive, and excretory are all examples of what?
organ systems.
131
The tissue that lines internal surfaces of the body is called what?
epithelial.
132
What are Epithelial cells specialized for? 4spfa
secretion, protection, filtration, absorption.
133
Tears, milk, sweat, and oil are secreted by glands made of what tissue?
epithelial
134
What type of tissue is characterized by adherence to a basement membrane on one side and a free surface on the opposite?
epithelial
135
The principal difference between simple and stratified epithelium is in the number of what?
cell layers.
136
What type of epithelium would you expect to find where there is considerable secretion of enzymes such as the small intestine?
columnar
137
Describe exocrine glands.
Products may be secreted onto a free surface, Secretions reach their destination by way of tubes and ducts. They are derived from epthelium, Saliva is an exocrine secretion.
138
What are sebaceous glands and what do they do? 4
Sebaceous glands secrete oil, are holocrine, release entire cells with the secretion, are exocrine glands.
139
Exocrine glands secrete what?
Exocrine glands secrete enzymes, sweat, milk, and saliva.
140
Which epithelial cell is modified for diffusion?
simple squamous
141
What is he type of epithelial cell found in the lining of the stomach, intestinal tract, and part of the respiratory tract?
simple columnar.
142
What tissue types are included in connective tissues?
bone, cartilage, collagen, blood
143
What type of tissue is blood?
connective
144
An extracellular ground substance is characteristic of what type of tissue?
connective tissue.
145
Give examples of connective tissues.
cartilage, blood, bone, fat.
146
Tissues that connect bone to bone are called what?
ligaments.
147
Collagen fibers are characteristic of which tissue?
connective
148
Tendons connect what to what?
Tendons connect muscles to bones.
149
Where is cartilage found? 4
Cartilage is found in the nose, at the ends of bones, in the external ear, between vertebrae.
150
Specifically where is marrow is found?
in spongy bone.
151
What are bone cells called?
osteocytes.
152
What is the fluid portion of the blood called?
plasma.
153
What are adipose tissue cells filled with?
fat.
154
What type of tissue has cells that are striated and fused at the ends so that the cells contract as a unit?
cardiac muscle.
155
What type of muscle is NOT striped and is involuntary?
smooth.
156
How would you describe cardiac muscle cells?
both involuntary and striated.
157
How would you describe smooth muscle cells?
Smooth muscles are
158
The basic cells that the body uses for rapid communication and control are called what?
neurons.
159
Outgoing messages are conducted by what part of the neuron?
an axon.
160
Receptors transmit to the central nervous system by way of what type of neuron?
sensory neurons.
161
Impulses are received by nerve cells through what part of the neuron?
numerous dendrites.
162
What type of junction would be used between cells to keep molecules from freely crossing the epithelium?
tight junction
163
What type of junction would form open channels that directly link the cytoplasms of adjacent cells?
gap junction
164
What are the membranes that line the tubes and cavities of the digestive, respiratory, and reproductive systems called?
mucous.
165
What is the function of the endocrine system?
hormonal control of body functioning.
166
The maintenance of the volume and composition of body fluids is the direct responsibility of which system?
urinary
167
Which system is involved with heat production?
muscular system
168
Integration of body functions is controlled by what system(s)?
both the nervous and endocrine systems.
169
Which system produces blood cells?
skeletal
170
Where is the central nervous system housed?
cranial and spinal cavities.
171
The thoracic cavity contains the heart and what other organ?
lungs.
172
The word integument is derived from the word for what?
covering.
173
Melanin protects the skin from what?
ultraviolet radiation.
174
What is the largest organ of the vertebrate body?
skin
175
Vitamin D is required for metabolism of what substance.
calcium
176
What is found in the epidermis?
stratified epithelium, tight cell junctions, keratin, melanin
177
What are examples of integrators?
brain, spinal cord
178
The control of the temperature of the body is an example of which of the following?
homeostatic and negative feedback system
179
Put the following in the correct sequence involved in the regulation of organ systems. stimulus, receptor, integrator, response, effector
stimulus, receptor, integrator, effector, response
180
Give examples of an effector.
both muscle and gland.
181
Give an example of a process that involves a positive feedback stimulation?
sexual stimulation
182
What substances are secreted by an exocrine gland.
wax, saliva, milk, mucus
183
What are the functions of the skeleton?
produces blood cells, protection, storage sites for calcium and phosphorus, muscle attachment
184
What are the four types of connective tissue?
Bone, blood, adipose, cartilage
185
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth
186
What are the three types of epithelial tissue?
Cuboidal, squamous, columnar
187
Bone tissue is
Collagen fibers/matrix hardened with calcium. Found in bones. Function: Movement, support, protection
188
Blood tissue is
Matrix is fluid blood plasma
189
Adipose tissue is
Large, tighly packed fat cells occupying most of (soft) matrix, under skin and around heart and kidneys, Function: energy reserves, insulation, padding
190
Skeletal tissue is
Long, multinucleated, cylindrical cells, striated, interacts with bone to create movement, maintain posture
191
Cardiac tissue is
Striated, cells attached end to end with single nucleus, found only in heart wall
192
Smooth tissue is
Cells with a single nucleus, tapered ends, no striations. Found in walls of some blood vessels, GI tract, repro tract, and other hollow organs
193
Simple squamous is found in
Lining of blood vessels, alveoli
194
Simple cuboidal is found in
Gland and their ducts, ovaries, iris
195
Simple Columnar is found in
Stomach, intestines, uterus
196
Pseudostratified columnar is found in
Throat, nasal passages, sinuses, trachea, male genital ducts
197
Stratified squamous is found in
Skin, mouth, vagina, throat
198
stratified cuboidal is found in
Ducts of sweat glands
199
Stratified columnar is found in
Male urethra, salivary gland ducts
200
61. List the four types of tissues.
Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
201
62. Give three examples of types of connective tissues
Bone, blood, adipose, cartilage
202
Simple epithelium's function is
Diffusion, secretion, absorption, filtering substances
203
Pseudostratified epithelium's function is
Present where cilia sweep mucus or other fluid
204
Stratified epithelium's function is
Protective
205
64. What type of epithelial cells line capillaries and allow diffusion?
Simple Squamous
206
65. How do you know a tissue type is connective tissue rather than another type of tissue? (What are its characteristics)
Has matrix, binds together and supports other tissue and organs
207
What are mature, living bone cells called?
osteocytes.
208
What are lacunae?
spaces within the bone ground substance.
209
Where would you expect to find the epiphyses?
ends of long bones
210
Haversian canals are characteristic of which tissue?
bone
211
What is associated with bone formation?
osteoblasts, cartilage, marrow cavity formation, calcium
212
How does growth of long bones happen?
follows the cartilage model, occurs in the middle at first, then at both ends, is characterized by bone tissue replacing calcified cartilage, is characterized by the persistence of cartilage at both ends of the shaft.
213
If some bleached bones found lying in the desert were carefully examined, what would NOT be present?
osteocytes
214
What characterizes osteoporosis?
loss of bone mass.
215
Do males have greater problems with loss of bone tissue than females?
No
216
What are the functions of bone?
movement of the body, support, mineral storage, blood cell formation
217
In spongy bone tissue what are the spaces filled with?
marrow.
218
Tendons connect what to what?
muscles to bones.
219
Ligaments connect what to what?
bones to bones.
220
What does the human axial skeleton include?
skull, ribs, sternum, vertebral column.
221
The foramen magnum is a passageway for what?
spinal cord.
222
What composes the appendicular skeleton?
shoulder girdle, arms, legs and pelvis
223
What is the bone in the upper arm called?
humerus.
224
What are the bones in fingers or toes called?
phalanges.
225
What is the kneecap called?
patella.
226
What is the collarbone called?
clavicle.
227
What is the shoulder blade called?
scapula.
228
Bones such as the humerus and femur are examples of which kind of bones?
long
229
What connects the bone of the upper arm to the bones of the lower arm?
ligaments.
230
What are the ribs attached to on the ventral (front) of the human body?
sternum.
231
What bone in the lower leg has no counterpart in the lower arm?
patella
232
The nonmoving joints between skull bones are examples of what kind of joints?
fibrous
233
The vertebral discs with small amounts of movement are examples of what kind of joints?
cartilaginous
234
Where are synovial joints found?
hip bone to femur, elbow, shoulder to upper arm, knee
235
Which types of joints allows the LEAST amount of movement?
fibrous
236
Describe what Arthritis is.
Arthritis is a condition in which there is an inflammation of the joints.
237
What is inflammation of the tendons in the wrist called?
carpal tunnel syndrome.
238
What are the different types of bone breaks?
The words simple, complete, and compound are all used to describe types of bone fractures.
239
What are the regions of the vertebral column?
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
240
36. What kind of joint is your knee?
synovial
241
37. What do tendons do?
Connect bone to muscle
242
38. What do ligaments do?
Connect Bone to Bone
243
39. What kind of joint is your shoulder?
synovial
244
Give an example of a pair of muscles that work antagonistically.
Biceps/triceps
245
Describe smooth muscle?
Smooth muscle is involuntary and nonstriated.
246
The ability to extend a leg is the result of what? Contraction, lengthening of muscle, ligament or tendon?
contraction of a muscle.
247
What is each muscle fiber also called?
muscle cell.
248
Where is the gastrocnemius muscle located?
in the lower leg.
249
Where is the pectoralis major muscle located?
in the chest.
250
What does the sliding filament mechanism refer to?
The sliding filament mechanism describes the action of the actin and myosin in a muscle cell.
251
What is muscle fatigue a result of?
Muscle fatigue is a result of accumulation of lactic acid.
252
What is the element specifically associated with muscle contraction ?
calcium.
253
Which substance is released by motor neurons to initiate a muscle contraction?
acetylcholine
254
Functionally, the plasma membrane of a muscle cell is most like that of what other cell type?
nerve cell.
255
Where are calcium ions in muscle cells stored?
sarcoplasmic reticulum.
256
What is true of "fast" muscle in humans?
rapid contractions, powerful, fewer blood capillaries, fewer mitochondria
257
A motor neuron and all the muscles under its control is called what kind of unit?
motor unit
258
An active, nonfatiguing muscle would be expected to have
aerobic respiration, numerous mitochondria, and moderate rates of contraction
259
Is this statement true or false? _Acetylcholine provides energy to propel actin filaments past myosin filaments during muscle cell activity._
FALSE
260
What is the all-or-none principle?
It describes the contraction of individual muscle cells.
261
What types of physical changes are likely to result from aerobic exercise?
increased number of mitochondria, greater running endurance, increased blood capillaries, more myoglobin
262
What molecules participate in muscle contraction?
ATP, calcium, actin, myosin
263
28. What happens to sarcomere when a muscle contracts
Sarcomere shortens
264
28. What happens to Thin Filament when a muscle contracts
Actin is grabbed by myosin head which pulls actin strands towards each other
265
28. What happens to Thick Filament when a muscle contracts
Myosin heads grab on to actin and slide actin together
266
31. What is rigor mortis?
stiffening of muscles after death due to lack of ATP energy to release muscle contraction
267
33. What type of cells control the contraction of muscle cells?
Motor neuron
268
35. What is a motor unit?
Unit consisting of a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls
269
36. Explain the differences between muscle twitch and tetanus
Twitch is one contraction of a motor unit, tetanus is repeated stimulation of a motor unit resulting in sustained contractioin
270
37. What causes muscle fatigue?
lactic acid buildup, o2 debt
271
Define neurotransmitter
chemical messenger that carries signals from a neuron to a receiving cell across a synapse
