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Biol ch 1-6 > Ch 1-6 deck > Flashcards

Ch 1-6 deck Flashcards

1
Q

What is the smallest unit of life that can exist as a separate entity?

A

a cell

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2
Q

What is the capacity to do work ?

A

energy.

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3
Q

What is the ability to maintain a constant internal environment?

A

homeostasis.

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4
Q

Homeostasis provides what kind of environment?

A

constant

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5
Q

Each cell is able to maintain a constant internal environment. What is this called?

A

homeostasis.

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6
Q

How are all organisms alike? 4endi

A

they require energy, they participate in nutrient cycles, their ultimate dependence on the sun, their interaction with other forms of life. 4

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7
Q

Which of the following do not depend directly on sunlight for energy?

A

II and III only

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8
Q

What are the characteristic of living organisms? 4cdre

A

complex structural organization, dependence on other organisms for energy and resources, capacity to reproduce and evolve

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9
Q

What is the first explanation of a problem called in science? (It is sometimes called an “educated guess.”)

A

hypothesis

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10
Q

What is an hypotheses?

A

A possible explanation for observations with testable predictions.

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11
Q

In a scientific experiment, what are conditions called that could affect the outcome of the experiment, but do not because they are held constant?

A

controlled variables.

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12
Q

What do you do to eliminate the influence of uncontrolled variables during experimentation?

A

establish a control group identical to the experimental group except for the variable being tested.

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13
Q

In order to arrive at a solution to a problem, a scientist usually proposes and tests what?

A

hypotheses.

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14
Q

What is a control in an experiment?

A

A standard of comparison for the experimental group.

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15
Q
  1. The relationship between heat and energy and temperature and the average speed of molecules.
A
  1. Molecules move because they have kinetic energy. Temperature is another way to express the average kinetic energy.
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16
Q
  1. How is science different from religion?
A
  1. Science requires physical proof and religion allows belief with no physical measurable evidence.
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17
Q
  1. What is the difference between a theory and a hypothesis?
A
  1. An hypothesis is a guess and a theory is an hypothesis that has been refined and tested with a lot of supporting evidence and no refuting evidence.
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18
Q
  1. When temperature goes down, what happens to the energy of molecules and the speed of molecules?
A

Decrease - temperature proportional to kinetic energy and molecular velocity

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19
Q
  1. When water evaporates from your skin your skin feels cool. Is energy absorbed by your skin or absorbed by the water?
A

Water

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20
Q
  1. When steam hits your skin it feels very hot and the water condenses. Which way is energy being transferred, to your skin or away from your skin?
A

To skin

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21
Q

What is the smallest portion of a substance that retains the properties of an element?

A

atom

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22
Q

Anything that has mass and occupies space is defined as what?

A

matter.

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23
Q

To what does the atomic number refer?

A

number of protons in an atom.

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24
Q

Define a compound.

A

a substance made of two or more different elements covalently bonded together.

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25
Q

What are the negative subatomic particles?

A

electron.

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26
Q

What are the positive subatomic particles?

A

proton.

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27
Q

What are the neutral subatomic particles?

A

neutron.

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28
Q

What does the nucleus of an atom contain?

A

neutrons and protons.

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29
Q

What determines the atomic weight (or mass) of an atom?

A

neutrons and protons.

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30
Q
  1. What determines the atomic number of an atom?
A

protons only.

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31
Q

All atoms of an element have the same number of what?

A

protons.

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32
Q

Radioactive iodine tends to concentrate where?

A

thyroid glands.

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33
Q

What happens when a molecule is excited by heat or light?

A

an electron from an inner energy level may move to another level.

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34
Q

Define a molecule.

A

molecules are the smallest unit of a compound and is composed of individual atoms of different elements.

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35
Q

What is formed when an atom loses or gains an electron?

A

ion

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36
Q

What is the bond in table salt (NaCl)?

A

ionic.

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37
Q

The shape (or tertiary form) of large molecules is often controlled by what kind of bonds?

A

hydrogen bonds

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38
Q

What can an antioxidant do?

A

protect DNA from damage.

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39
Q

How do hydrophobic molecules interact with water?

A

repelled by it

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40
Q

Why is water is an excellent solvent? 5shhcl

A

Water is an excellent solvent because, it forms spheres of hydration around charged substances and can form hydrogen bonds with many nonpolar substances, it has a high heat of fusion, of its cohesive properties, it is a liquid at room temperature.

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41
Q

In a lipid bilayer, __________ tails point inward and form a region that excludes water.

A

hydrophobic

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42
Q

What does a salt form when it dissolves in water?

A

ions.

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43
Q

How is cellular pH kept near a value of 7 ?

A

buffers.

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44
Q

Carbon usually forms how many bonds with other atoms?

A

4

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45
Q

The formation of large molecules from small repeating units is known as what kind of reaction?

A

condensationa

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46
Q

The breakdown of large molecules by the enzymatic addition of water is an example of what kind of reaction?

A

hydrolysis

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47
Q

Which reaction results in the breakdown of a chemical into simpler substances?

A

hydrolysis

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48
Q

What substance is the most common in cells?

A

water

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49
Q

What is a building block of carbohydrates?

A

simple sugar or monosaccharide

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50
Q

What is cellulose and where is it found?

A

a glucose polymer and a material found in cell walls.

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51
Q

What is sucrose composed of?

A

a molecule of fructose and a molecule of glucose.

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52
Q

What types of living things use glycogen is a polysaccharide for energy storage?

A

animals.

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53
Q

What kinds of molecules are triglycerides?

A

fats.

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54
Q

Give an example of a saturated fat?

A

butter.

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55
Q

What are lipids used for in many organisms?

A

Lipids serve as food reserves in many organisms.

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56
Q

What are steroids? 4lsmt

A

Steroids are compounds that are related to lipids, sex hormones, components of membranes, troublesome on walls of arteries.

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57
Q

What are the functions of proteins? 4shst

A

Proteins may function as, structural units, hormones, storage molecules, transport molecules.

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58
Q

Amino acids are the building blocks for what kind of molecule?

A

proteins.

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59
Q

What kind of bond exists between two amino acids in a protein?

A

peptide

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60
Q

Amino acids are linked by what kind of bonds to form the primary structure of a protein?

A

peptide

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61
Q

What is the disruption of a protein’s three-dimensional shape called?

A

denaturation.

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62
Q

What is the nucleotide most closely associated with energy ?

A

ATP.

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63
Q

What is DNA and what is its function?

A

DNA is made of nucleotides and contains protein-building instructions.

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64
Q
  1. Name the 4 types of biological macromolecules
A
  1. Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids and Nucleic Acids
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65
Q
  1. What elements are proteins made out of?
A
  1. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
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66
Q

Every living organism must have what?

A

at least one cell.

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67
Q

Do all cells have a nucleus?

A
  1. No
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68
Q

What organelle is the primary cellular sites for the assembly of proteins?

A

ribosomes

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69
Q

Which organelles are the primary structures for the packaging of cellular secretions for export from the cell.

A

Golgi bodies

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70
Q

Which organelles contain enzymes used in the breakdown of glucose and generation of ATP.

A

mitochondria

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71
Q

Where is the localized site for the majority of the DNA in the cell?

A

nucleus

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72
Q

What organelle is the site for protein modification and lipid synthesis?

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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73
Q

What internal structures are responsible for cell shape, internal organization, and movements.

A

cytoskeleton

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74
Q

Why can cell membranes perform special functions?

A

proteins in the lipid bilayer.

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75
Q

The relative impermeability of membranes to water-soluble molecules is a result of what?

A

presence of phospholipids in the lipid bilayer.

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76
Q

What organelle is NOT found as a part of ALL cells?

A

nucleus

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77
Q

When are Chromosomes visible?

A

Chromosomes are visible only during cell division.

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78
Q

An organelle composed of a system of canals, tubes, and sacs that transports molecules inside the cytoplasm is what?

A

endoplasmic reticulum.

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79
Q

These organelles are sometimes referred to as rough or smooth depending on the structure.

A

endoplasmic reticula

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80
Q

These organelles contain enzymes and are the main organelles of intracellular digestion.

A

lysosomes

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81
Q

How do animal cells dismantle and dispose of intracellular waste materials?

A

several lysosomes fusing with a sac that encloses the wastes.

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82
Q

What is the organelle that degrades potentially harmful hydrogen peroxide to harmless substances?

A

peroxisome.

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83
Q

Peroxisomes would most likely be involved in the metabolism of what molecule?

A

alcohol.

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84
Q

Which organelles are the primary cellular sites for the transfer of energy from carbohydrates?

A

mitochondria

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85
Q

Energy stored in which types of molecules is converted by mitochondria to a form usable by the cell?

A

carbon compounds

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86
Q

The interior surface area of mitochondria is greatly increased by what structure?

A

cristae.

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87
Q

Why do scientists believe that mitochondria may have evolved from bacteria?

A

mitochondria have their own DNA.

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88
Q

What limits the resolution of small details by a light microscope?

A

properties of the light waves.

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89
Q

The movement of water through a membrane is dependent on what?

A

the concentration of solute.

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90
Q

The rate of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane will be lowest when what is true?

A

Small difference in concentration or low temperature

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91
Q

A single-celled freshwater organism, such as a protistan, is transferred to salt water. What is likely to happen?

A

The cell shrinks.

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92
Q

What processes are active transport? 3

A

sodium-potassium pump, endocytosis, exocytosis

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93
Q

Phagocytosis is a type of what?

A

endocytosis.

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94
Q

Movement of a molecule against a concentration gradient is what?

A

active transport.

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95
Q

The method of movement that requires the expenditure of ATP molecules is called what?

A

active transport.

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96
Q

White blood cells use what process to get rid of foreign particles in the blood?

A

phagocytosis

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97
Q

The carrier molecules used in active transport are found where and what are they made of?

A

membrane proteins.

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98
Q

During enzyme catalyzed reactions, substrate is a synonym for what?

A

reactants.

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99
Q

O the four types of biological molecules what type of molecule is capable of enzymatic activity?

A

proteins

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100
Q

Is it true that each enzyme can catalyze a wide variety of different reactions?

A

No

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101
Q

Describe enzymes as completely as you can. 5scops

A

Specific, catalysts, organic molecules, have special shapes that control their activities, and are proteins.

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102
Q

What can control enzymatic reactions?

A

the amount of substrates available, the concentration of products, temperature, modification of reactive sites by substances that fit into the enzyme and, later, their reactive site.

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103
Q

When molecules are broken apart in respiration what happens to the energy released?

A

the energy released in respiration is channeled into molecules of ATP.

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104
Q

Humans derive most of their energy from what type of molecules?

A

carbohydrates.

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105
Q

What process liberates the most energy in the form of ATP?

A

aerobic respiration

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106
Q

Glycolysis depends upon a continuous supply of what molecule?

A

glucose.

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107
Q

Where does glycolysis occur and what are the products?

A

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and results in the production of pyruvate, ATP and NADH

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108
Q

The ultimate source of energy for living things is what?

A

the sun.

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109
Q

The Krebs cycle takes place in what organelle?

A

mitochondria.

110
Q

Pyruvate is the end product of what process?

A

glycolysis.

111
Q

When blood glucose levels decrease (as between meals), what reserves are tapped?

A

glycogen

112
Q

When proteins and fats are used as energy sources, their breakdown subunits enter where is cell respiration?

A

the Krebs cycle.

113
Q

What organelle is not found in the cytoplasm?

A

nucleolus

114
Q

Which organelle is not bound by membranes?

A

ribosome

115
Q

List the characteristics of the plasma membrane? 4

A

phospholipid, fluid mosaic, lipid bilayer, hydrophobic tails

116
Q

Nucleus function

A

Protect and control access to DNA

117
Q

Mitochondrian function

A

Powerhouse - make ATP by sugar breakdown (cellular respiration)

118
Q

Ribosome function

A

Assemble polypeptide chains. Sites of protein synthesis. Both float free and attached to rough ER.

119
Q

Cytoplasm function

A

Contents of a cell between membrane and nucleus. Includes jellylike cytosol.

120
Q

Cytoskeleton function

A

Supports, gives shape, moves cell and cell parts. Microtubules/microfiliments/intermediate filaments/Centriole (anchor for cytoskeleton)

121
Q

Rough ER function

A

Modifies new polypeptide chains,

122
Q

Smooth ER function

A

Makes lipids, degrades fats, inactivates toxins

123
Q

Lysosome function

A

intracellular digestion, digests and recycles

124
Q

Peroxisome function

A

Inactivate toxins

125
Q

Golgi Body

A

Modifies, sorts, ships proteins and lipids for export or insertion into cell membranes

126
Q

Chemical and structural bridges link groups or layers of similar cells, uniting them in structure and function as what?

A

tissues.

127
Q

Different tissues integrated and functioning with a common purpose defines what?

A

organs.

128
Q

What are the basic types of tissues in the human body?

A

connective, nervous, epithelial, muscle

129
Q

Stomach, spleen, liver, and pancreas are examples of what?

A

organs.

130
Q

Circulatory, digestive, reproductive, and excretory are all examples of what?

A

organ systems.

131
Q

The tissue that lines internal surfaces of the body is called what?

A

epithelial.

132
Q

What are Epithelial cells specialized for? 4spfa

A

secretion, protection, filtration, absorption.

133
Q

Tears, milk, sweat, and oil are secreted by glands made of what tissue?

A

epithelial

134
Q

What type of tissue is characterized by adherence to a basement membrane on one side and a free surface on the opposite?

A

epithelial

135
Q

The principal difference between simple and stratified epithelium is in the number of what?

A

cell layers.

136
Q

What type of epithelium would you expect to find where there is considerable secretion of enzymes such as the small intestine?

A

columnar

137
Q

Describe exocrine glands.

A

Products may be secreted onto a free surface, Secretions reach their destination by way of tubes and ducts. They are derived from epthelium, Saliva is an exocrine secretion.

138
Q

What are sebaceous glands and what do they do? 4

A

Sebaceous glands secrete oil, are holocrine, release entire cells with the secretion, are exocrine glands.

139
Q

Exocrine glands secrete what?

A

Exocrine glands secrete enzymes, sweat, milk, and saliva.

140
Q

Which epithelial cell is modified for diffusion?

A

simple squamous

141
Q

What is he type of epithelial cell found in the lining of the stomach, intestinal tract, and part of the respiratory tract?

A

simple columnar.

142
Q

What tissue types are included in connective tissues?

A

bone, cartilage, collagen, blood

143
Q

What type of tissue is blood?

A

connective

144
Q

An extracellular ground substance is characteristic of what type of tissue?

A

connective tissue.

145
Q

Give examples of connective tissues.

A

cartilage, blood, bone, fat.

146
Q

Tissues that connect bone to bone are called what?

A

ligaments.

147
Q

Collagen fibers are characteristic of which tissue?

A

connective

148
Q

Tendons connect what to what?

A

Tendons connect muscles to bones.

149
Q

Where is cartilage found? 4

A

Cartilage is found in the nose, at the ends of bones, in the external ear, between vertebrae.

150
Q

Specifically where is marrow is found?

A

in spongy bone.

151
Q

What are bone cells called?

A

osteocytes.

152
Q

What is the fluid portion of the blood called?

A

plasma.

153
Q

What are adipose tissue cells filled with?

A

fat.

154
Q

What type of tissue has cells that are striated and fused at the ends so that the cells contract as a unit?

A

cardiac muscle.

155
Q

What type of muscle is NOT striped and is involuntary?

A

smooth.

156
Q

How would you describe cardiac muscle cells?

A

both involuntary and striated.

157
Q

How would you describe smooth muscle cells?

A

Smooth muscles are

158
Q

The basic cells that the body uses for rapid communication and control are called what?

A

neurons.

159
Q

Outgoing messages are conducted by what part of the neuron?

A

an axon.

160
Q

Receptors transmit to the central nervous system by way of what type of neuron?

A

sensory neurons.

161
Q

Impulses are received by nerve cells through what part of the neuron?

A

numerous dendrites.

162
Q

What type of junction would be used between cells to keep molecules from freely crossing the epithelium?

A

tight junction

163
Q

What type of junction would form open channels that directly link the cytoplasms of adjacent cells?

A

gap junction

164
Q

What are the membranes that line the tubes and cavities of the digestive, respiratory, and reproductive systems called?

A

mucous.

165
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system?

A

hormonal control of body functioning.

166
Q

The maintenance of the volume and composition of body fluids is the direct responsibility of which system?

A

urinary

167
Q

Which system is involved with heat production?

A

muscular system

168
Q

Integration of body functions is controlled by what system(s)?

A

both the nervous and endocrine systems.

169
Q

Which system produces blood cells?

A

skeletal

170
Q

Where is the central nervous system housed?

A

cranial and spinal cavities.

171
Q

The thoracic cavity contains the heart and what other organ?

A

lungs.

172
Q

The word integument is derived from the word for what?

A

covering.

173
Q

Melanin protects the skin from what?

A

ultraviolet radiation.

174
Q

What is the largest organ of the vertebrate body?

A

skin

175
Q

Vitamin D is required for metabolism of what substance.

A

calcium

176
Q

What is found in the epidermis?

A

stratified epithelium, tight cell junctions, keratin, melanin

177
Q

What are examples of integrators?

A

brain, spinal cord

178
Q

The control of the temperature of the body is an example of which of the following?

A

homeostatic and negative feedback system

179
Q

Put the following in the correct sequence involved in the regulation of organ systems. stimulus, receptor, integrator, response, effector

A

stimulus, receptor, integrator, effector, response

180
Q

Give examples of an effector.

A

both muscle and gland.

181
Q

Give an example of a process that involves a positive feedback stimulation?

A

sexual stimulation

182
Q

What substances are secreted by an exocrine gland.

A

wax, saliva, milk, mucus

183
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton?

A

produces blood cells, protection, storage sites for calcium and phosphorus, muscle attachment

184
Q

What are the four types of connective tissue?

A

Bone, blood, adipose, cartilage

185
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth

186
Q

What are the three types of epithelial tissue?

A

Cuboidal, squamous, columnar

187
Q

Bone tissue is

A

Collagen fibers/matrix hardened with calcium. Found in bones. Function: Movement, support, protection

188
Q

Blood tissue is

A

Matrix is fluid blood plasma

189
Q

Adipose tissue is

A

Large, tighly packed fat cells occupying most of (soft) matrix, under skin and around heart and kidneys, Function: energy reserves, insulation, padding

190
Q

Skeletal tissue is

A

Long, multinucleated, cylindrical cells, striated, interacts with bone to create movement, maintain posture

191
Q

Cardiac tissue is

A

Striated, cells attached end to end with single nucleus, found only in heart wall

192
Q

Smooth tissue is

A

Cells with a single nucleus, tapered ends, no striations. Found in walls of some blood vessels, GI tract, repro tract, and other hollow organs

193
Q

Simple squamous is found in

A

Lining of blood vessels, alveoli

194
Q

Simple cuboidal is found in

A

Gland and their ducts, ovaries, iris

195
Q

Simple Columnar is found in

A

Stomach, intestines, uterus

196
Q

Pseudostratified columnar is found in

A

Throat, nasal passages, sinuses, trachea, male genital ducts

197
Q

Stratified squamous is found in

A

Skin, mouth, vagina, throat

198
Q

stratified cuboidal is found in

A

Ducts of sweat glands

199
Q

Stratified columnar is found in

A

Male urethra, salivary gland ducts

200
Q
  1. List the four types of tissues.
A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

201
Q
  1. Give three examples of types of connective tissues
A

Bone, blood, adipose, cartilage

202
Q

Simple epithelium’s function is

A

Diffusion, secretion, absorption, filtering substances

203
Q

Pseudostratified epithelium’s function is

A

Present where cilia sweep mucus or other fluid

204
Q

Stratified epithelium’s function is

A

Protective

205
Q
  1. What type of epithelial cells line capillaries and allow diffusion?
A

Simple Squamous

206
Q
  1. How do you know a tissue type is connective tissue rather than another type of tissue? (What are its characteristics)
A

Has matrix, binds together and supports other tissue and organs

207
Q

What are mature, living bone cells called?

A

osteocytes.

208
Q

What are lacunae?

A

spaces within the bone ground substance.

209
Q

Where would you expect to find the epiphyses?

A

ends of long bones

210
Q

Haversian canals are characteristic of which tissue?

A

bone

211
Q

What is associated with bone formation?

A

osteoblasts, cartilage, marrow cavity formation, calcium

212
Q

How does growth of long bones happen?

A

follows the cartilage model, occurs in the middle at first, then at both ends, is characterized by bone tissue replacing calcified cartilage, is characterized by the persistence of cartilage at both ends of the shaft.

213
Q

If some bleached bones found lying in the desert were carefully examined, what would NOT be present?

A

osteocytes

214
Q

What characterizes osteoporosis?

A

loss of bone mass.

215
Q

Do males have greater problems with loss of bone tissue than females?

A

No

216
Q

What are the functions of bone?

A

movement of the body, support, mineral storage, blood cell formation

217
Q

In spongy bone tissue what are the spaces filled with?

A

marrow.

218
Q

Tendons connect what to what?

A

muscles to bones.

219
Q

Ligaments connect what to what?

A

bones to bones.

220
Q

What does the human axial skeleton include?

A

skull, ribs, sternum, vertebral column.

221
Q

The foramen magnum is a passageway for what?

A

spinal cord.

222
Q

What composes the appendicular skeleton?

A

shoulder girdle, arms, legs and pelvis

223
Q

What is the bone in the upper arm called?

A

humerus.

224
Q

What are the bones in fingers or toes called?

A

phalanges.

225
Q

What is the kneecap called?

A

patella.

226
Q

What is the collarbone called?

A

clavicle.

227
Q

What is the shoulder blade called?

A

scapula.

228
Q

Bones such as the humerus and femur are examples of which kind of bones?

A

long

229
Q

What connects the bone of the upper arm to the bones of the lower arm?

A

ligaments.

230
Q

What are the ribs attached to on the ventral (front) of the human body?

A

sternum.

231
Q

What bone in the lower leg has no counterpart in the lower arm?

A

patella

232
Q

The nonmoving joints between skull bones are examples of what kind of joints?

A

fibrous

233
Q

The vertebral discs with small amounts of movement are examples of what kind of joints?

A

cartilaginous

234
Q

Where are synovial joints found?

A

hip bone to femur, elbow, shoulder to upper arm, knee

235
Q

Which types of joints allows the LEAST amount of movement?

A

fibrous

236
Q

Describe what Arthritis is.

A

Arthritis is a condition in which there is an inflammation of the joints.

237
Q

What is inflammation of the tendons in the wrist called?

A

carpal tunnel syndrome.

238
Q

What are the different types of bone breaks?

A

The words simple, complete, and compound are all used to describe types of bone fractures.

239
Q

What are the regions of the vertebral column?

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

240
Q
  1. What kind of joint is your knee?
A

synovial

241
Q
  1. What do tendons do?
A

Connect bone to muscle

242
Q
  1. What do ligaments do?
A

Connect Bone to Bone

243
Q
  1. What kind of joint is your shoulder?
A

synovial

244
Q

Give an example of a pair of muscles that work antagonistically.

A

Biceps/triceps

245
Q

Describe smooth muscle?

A

Smooth muscle is involuntary and nonstriated.

246
Q

The ability to extend a leg is the result of what? Contraction, lengthening of muscle, ligament or tendon?

A

contraction of a muscle.

247
Q

What is each muscle fiber also called?

A

muscle cell.

248
Q

Where is the gastrocnemius muscle located?

A

in the lower leg.

249
Q

Where is the pectoralis major muscle located?

A

in the chest.

250
Q

What does the sliding filament mechanism refer to?

A

The sliding filament mechanism describes the action of the actin and myosin in a muscle cell.

251
Q

What is muscle fatigue a result of?

A

Muscle fatigue is a result of accumulation of lactic acid.

252
Q

What is the element specifically associated with muscle contraction ?

A

calcium.

253
Q

Which substance is released by motor neurons to initiate a muscle contraction?

A

acetylcholine

254
Q

Functionally, the plasma membrane of a muscle cell is most like that of what other cell type?

A

nerve cell.

255
Q

Where are calcium ions in muscle cells stored?

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum.

256
Q

What is true of “fast” muscle in humans?

A

rapid contractions, powerful, fewer blood capillaries, fewer mitochondria

257
Q

A motor neuron and all the muscles under its control is called what kind of unit?

A

motor unit

258
Q

An active, nonfatiguing muscle would be expected to have

A

aerobic respiration, numerous mitochondria, and moderate rates of contraction

259
Q

Is this statement true or false? Acetylcholine provides energy to propel actin filaments past myosin filaments during muscle cell activity.

A

FALSE

260
Q

What is the all-or-none principle?

A

It describes the contraction of individual muscle cells.

261
Q

What types of physical changes are likely to result from aerobic exercise?

A

increased number of mitochondria, greater running endurance, increased blood capillaries, more myoglobin

262
Q

What molecules participate in muscle contraction?

A

ATP, calcium, actin, myosin

263
Q
  1. What happens to sarcomere when a muscle contracts
A

Sarcomere shortens

264
Q
  1. What happens to Thin Filament when a muscle contracts
A

Actin is grabbed by myosin head which pulls actin strands towards each other

265
Q
  1. What happens to Thick Filament when a muscle contracts
A

Myosin heads grab on to actin and slide actin together

266
Q
  1. What is rigor mortis?
A

stiffening of muscles after death due to lack of ATP energy to release muscle contraction

267
Q
  1. What type of cells control the contraction of muscle cells?
A

Motor neuron

268
Q
  1. What is a motor unit?
A

Unit consisting of a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls

269
Q
  1. Explain the differences between muscle twitch and tetanus
A

Twitch is one contraction of a motor unit, tetanus is repeated stimulation of a motor unit resulting in sustained contractioin

270
Q
  1. What causes muscle fatigue?
A

lactic acid buildup, o2 debt

271
Q

Define neurotransmitter

A

chemical messenger that carries signals from a neuron to a receiving cell across a synapse

Biol ch 1-6 (2 decks)

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