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Criminal Justice Research > CH 1 - 6 > Flashcards

CH 1 - 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Experiential Reality

A

Things we know from direct experience (touching a hot stove)

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2
Q

Agreement reality

A

Things we consider real because we have been told they are real, and everyone agrees (sun sets in the west)

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3
Q

Kansas City Preventative Patrol Experiment

A

Revealed the agreement reality that simply increasing patrols decreased crime was misleading

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4
Q

Empirical Research

A

Knowledge produced based on experience or observation

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5
Q

Methodology

A

The science of finding out, a logical plan to discover truth.

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6
Q

Tradition

A

Things that everybody knows

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7
Q

Authority

A

Trusting the judgement of someone with special expertise

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8
Q

Inaccurate Observation

A

Overcome by using measurement devices

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9
Q

An assertation must have both _____ and ____ support

A

logical and empirical

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10
Q

What kind of reasoning do we use in personal human inquiry?

A

Causal and Probabilistic

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11
Q

Overgeneralization

A

Overcome by replicating the study to see if you get the same results

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12
Q

Selective Observation

A

Specify in advance the number and types of observations (stems from overgeneralization)

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13
Q

Illogical reasoning

A

The exception that proves the rule “gambler’s fallacy”

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14
Q

Ideology and Politics

A

guard against the influence (faith versus science)

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15
Q

Purpose of Research (4)

A

Exploration, Description, Explanation, Application

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16
Q

Literature Review

A

The most important step of research proposal; tells what is known and unknown

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16
Q

The Research Process

A

Conceptualize, Operate, Observe, Analyze, Apply

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17
Q

Basic Elements of Research Proposal

A

Problem/Objective, Literature Review, Research Questions, Subjects for Study, Measurement

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18
Q

Basic Elements of a Research Proposal (Part 2)

A

Data Collection Methods, Analysis, References, Schedule, Budget

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19
Q

Social Scientific Theory

A

Discovering what is, what is not, and what should be

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20
Q

Attributes

A

Characteristics or qualities that describe some object, such as a person

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21
Q

Variables

A

Logical groupings of attributes

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22
Q

Causation

A

A persons attributes on one variable are expected to cause or encourage a particular attribute on another variable

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23
Q

Independent Variable

A

“Cause” “Influencer”

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24
Q

Dependent Variable

A

“Effect” “depends”

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25
Q

Ideographic explanation

A

When we attempt to explain a single situation exhaustively

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26
Q

Nomothetic Explanation

A

Seeks to explain a class of situations or events rather than a single one

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27
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

Observations that test the presence of a pattern. General to Specific

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28
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

Specific to general, a set of observations to discovering a pattern (Grounded Theory)

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29
Q

Qualitative

A

Non-numerical (Qualities)

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30
Q

Quantitative

A

Numerical (quantities)

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31
Q

Theory

A

Propositions explaining why events occur in the manner that they do

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32
Q

Objectivity

A

“independent of mind”

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33
Q

Hypothesis

A

Specific expectations about empirical reality, derived from propositions

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34
Q

Paradigm

A

Fundamental model or scheme that organizes our view of something; a lens which we view a certain piece of reality in our world

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35
Q

Conceptualization

A

Scientists use theory to develop research questions that can be examined through observations

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36
Q

Operationalization

A

Specification of the steps, procedures, operations, to identify and measure variables

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37
Q

Observation

A

Look at the world systematically, develop theoretical expectations, and measure

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38
Q

Ecological Theories

A

Led to development of situational crime prevention directed at highly specific forms of crime

39
Q

Ethical Concerns

A

Typically associated with morality; matters of right and wrong

40
Q

Ethical

A

May be defined as behavior conforming to the standards of conduct of a given group

41
Q

Ethical Dilemma of Research

A

Balancing potential benefits against possibility of harm

42
Q

Anonymity

A

When a researcher cannot identify a given piece of information with a given person

43
Q

Confidentiality

A

A researcher can link information with a subject, but promises not to do so publicly

44
Q

The National Research Act (1974)

A

Signed into law after a few highly publicized examples of unethical practices in medical and social science research

45
Q

The Belmont Report (1979)

A

A brief but comprehensive set of ethical principles for protecting human subjects (respect, beneficence, justice)

46
Q

Informed Consent

A

Requires that subjects both have the capacity to understand and do understand the research, risks, side effects, benefits, and procedures used

47
Q

Special Populations

A

Specific regulations exist for certain populations, such as juveniles and prisoners

48
Q

Tearoom Trade (1975)

A

Laud Humphreys studied homosexual acts between strangers who meet in public restrooms, noted their plate numbers, tracked down their names and addresses and conducted a survey to obtain personal info at their homes.

49
Q

Stanford Prison Experiment (1971)

A

Haney, Banks, Zimbardo sought to test situational hypothesis by simulating a prison, subjects displayed unexpectedly intense reactions, and the study was terminated early

50
Q

Criteria for Causation

A

Explanatory Research that is inherently probabilistic. Certain factors make crime more or less likely (ideographic and nomothetic explanations)

51
Q

Necessary Cause

A

Represents a condition that must be present for the effect to occur

52
Q

Sufficient Cause

A

Represents a condition that, if present, will guarantee an effect will occur

53
Q

Validity

A

True and valid

54
Q

Statistical Conclusion Validity

A

Refers to our ability to determine whether a change in the suspected cause is statistically associated with a change in the suspected effect

55
Q

Internal Validity

A

An observed association between two variables that is causal and not due to the effects of one or more other variables

56
Q

External Validity

A

Concerned with whether research findings in one study can be replicated in another study, often under different conditions

57
Q

Construct Validity

A

Concerned with how well an observed relationship between variables represents the causal process (generalizing from what we observe and measure to the real world)

58
Q

Bias

A

Internal Validity and Statistical Conclusion validity threats are related to systematic and nonsystematic bias

59
Q

Generalizability

A

Construct validity and external validity are concerned with generalization to real-world behaviors and conditions

60
Q

Scientific Realism

A

Bridges idiographic and nomothetic approaches to explanation by seeking to understand how causal mechanism operate in specific contexts

61
Q

Ecological fallacy

A

Danger of making assertions about individuals based on the examination of groups or aggregations

62
Q

Individual fallacy

A

Using anecdotal evidence to make an argument

63
Q

Reductionism

A

Failing to see the myriad of possible factors causing the situation being studied

64
Q

Cross-Sectional Studies

A

Observing a single point in time; simple and cost effective; descriptive and exploratory

65
Q

Longitudinal Studies

A

Permit observations over time

66
Q

Trend Study

A

Those that study changes within some general population over time; a slideshow of events over time (UCR)

67
Q

Cohort Study

A

Examine more specific populations as they change over time (Wolfgang)

68
Q

Panel Study

A

Similar to trend or cohort, but the same set of people is interviewed on two or more occasions (a motion picture, gives information about individual observations over time)

69
Q

Conception

A

Mental image we have about something

70
Q

Concepts

A

Words, phrases, symbols in language that are used to represent these mental images in communication

71
Q

Direct Observables

A

Those things or qualities we can observe directly (color, shape)

72
Q

Indirect observables

A

Require relatively more subtle, complex, or indirect observations for things that cannot be observed directly

73
Q

Constructs

A

Theoretical creations; cannot be observed directly or indirectly; similar to concepts

74
Q

Reification

A

Process of regarding as real things that are not

75
Q

Conceptual Definition

A

Working definition specifically assigned to a term that provides focus to our observations and gives us a specific working definition so readers will understand the concept

76
Q

Operational Definition

A

Spells out precisely how the concept will be measured

77
Q

Operationalization

A

The process of developing operational definitions; requires us to determine what might work as a data-collection method

78
Q

Measurement

A

Assigning numbers or labels to units of analysis in order to represent the conceptual properties (make observations and assign scores to them)

79
Q

Exhaustive variable

A

You should be able to classify every observation in terms of one of the attributes composing the variable

80
Q

Mutually Exclusive Variable

A

You must be able to classify every observation in terms of one and only one attribute

81
Q

Nominal

A

Offers names or labels for characteristics

82
Q

Ordinal

A

Attributes can be logically rank-ordered

83
Q

Interval

A

Meaningful distance between attributes

84
Q

Ratio

A

Has a true zero point

85
Q

Reliability

A

Whether a particular measurement technique repeatedly applied to the same object would yield the same result each time

86
Q

Test-retest Method

A

Make the same measurement more than once

87
Q

Interrater reliability

A

Compare measurements from different raters; verify initial measurements

88
Q

Split-half method

A

Make more than one measure of any concept; see if each measures the concept differently

89
Q

Validity

A

The extent to which an empirical measure adequately reflects the meaning of the concept under consideration

90
Q

Face Validity

A

Face value

91
Q

Criterion-related validity

A

compares a measure to some external criterion

92
Q

Construct validity

A

Whether your variable relates to another in the logically expected direction

93
Q

Content Validity

A

Does the measure cover the range of meanings included in the concept

94
Q

Composite Measures

A

Allows us to combine individual measures to produce more valid and reliable indicators

Criminal Justice Research (2 decks)

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