Ch 1-4 (from notes in slides, textbook, & Pearson DSM) Flashcards
What is Moore’s Law?
[Ch.1]
(MOORE TRANSISTORS) The number of transistors per square inch on an integrated chip doubles every 18 months.
What are the implications of Moore’s Law?
[Ch.1]
Computers are getting exponentially faster. The cost of data processing is approaching zero.
What is Metcalfe’s Law?
[Ch.1]
(NET CAFE = # of users) The value of a network is equal to the square of the number of users connected to it.
What are the implications of Metcalfe’s Law?
[Ch.1]
More digital devices are connected together. The value of digital and social networks is increasing exponentially.
What is Nielsen’s Law?
[Ch.1]
(N for NETWORK speed) Network connection speeds for high-end users will increase by 50 percent per year.
What are the implications of Nielsen’s Law?
[Ch.1]
Network speed is increasing. Higher speeds enable new products, platforms, and companies.
What is Kryder’s Law?
[Ch.1]
(Kryder = storage) The storage density on magnetic disks is increasing at an exponential rate.
What are the implications of Kryder’s Law?
[Ch.1]
Storage capacity is increasing exponentially. The cost of storing data is approaching zero.
What is Bell’s Law?
[Ch.1]
A new class of computers establishes a new industry each decade.
What skills will be marketable during your career?
[Ch.1]
Non-routine skills are: Abstract, collaboration, system of thinking, and ability to experiment. (the 4 Reich Components)
What are the five components of an Information System?
[Ch.1]
Hardware, Software, Data, Procedures, People.
What is information?
[Ch.1]
Processed data that has context and meaning and compared to data is generally a broader statement.
–here’s an example:
“The average hourly rate… is $8.25”
→ Information (aggregates data to show wage trends, explains what it is).
What is Data?
[Ch.1]
Raw, unprocessed facts that need context to become useful.
–here’s an example:
“Janet Carr receives four weeks of vacation”
→ Data (single fact without broader context).
What is the difference between Information Technology (IT) and Information Systems (IS)?
[Ch.1]
IT drives development of new IS. IT components = Hardware + Software + Data; IS = IT + Procedures + People.
What constitutes a strong password?
[Ch.1]
At least 12 characters; 14 is even better. It should not contain your username, real name, or a word in the dictionary.
What are the characteristics needed for quality information?
[Ch.1]
Accurate, Timely, Relevant, Just Barely Sufficient, Worth Its Cost.
Best describes the characteristic of ‘worth its cost’ in terms of good data
[Ch.1]
appropriate relationship must exist between the cost of data and its value.
What is the focus of Executive/Strategic management?
[Ch.1]
Long-term goals, environment scanning, strategy improvement.
What is the focus of Managerial/Tactical management?
[Ch.1]
Short-term planning, operational management, effectiveness improvement.
What is the focus of Operational management?
[Ch.1]
Day-to-day tasks, efficiency improvement.
How do information systems help at the Strategic level?
[Ch.1]
They enable SMARTER planning, decision-making, and risk/financial management.
How do information systems help at the Managerial level?
[Ch.1]
They provide BETTER performance monitoring, reporting, and resource allocation.
How do information systems help at the Operational level?
[Ch.1]
They facilitate FASTER automation, communication, and real-time data access.
Abstract Reasoning (4 Reich Components)
[Ch.1]
CONSTRUCT / MANIPULATE model or representation
System Thinking (4 Reich Components)
[Ch.1]
MODEL and SHOW how components interact/relate to each other (inputs and outputs)
whats a cheap and easy information system?
[Ch.1]
saves data in a batch and then processes it some hours later
What are the Five Forces that determine industry structure?
[Ch.2]
Porter’s 5 Forces:
1. Bargaining power of customers
2. Threat of substitutions
3. Bargaining power of suppliers
4. Threat of new entrants
5. Rivalry
Threat of new entrants (a Porter 5 force)
[Ch.2]
How easy it is for new businesses to enter a market and disrupt the existing players
Bargaining power of customer (a Porter 5 force)
[Ch.2]
influence they have when negotiating with suppliers, vendors, or sellers
ex. Toyota’s purchase of auto paint relies on consumer choice
Bargaining Power of suppliers (a Porter 5 force)
[Ch.2]
Suppliers can apply pressure to companies by lowering product quality or availability, or raising product prices.
Rivalry (a Porter 5 force)
[Ch.2]
measure of the extent of competition among existing firms
Ability to Experiment (4 Reich Components)
[Ch.1]
CREATE / TEST new promising alternatives
“Worth its cost” in terms of good data is:
[Ch.1]
An appropriate relationship must exist between the cost of data and its value.
[more ans coming soon]
Skills to develop to obtain a job in the MIS field
[Ch.1]
Abstract reasoning, collaboration, systems thinking, and experimentation
Information systems and computer technology provide job and wage benefits for…..
[Ch.1]
IS, business management, sales and support professionals, and beyond
MIS (Management Information Systems)
[Ch.1]
Help company achieve their strategies through people, technology, and organizations within a business setting, with the primary goal of utilizing computer-based information systems
Bill’s Hardware is a hardware store in a small community. Bill Snyder is the owner, and he employs 11 people who work various hours, six days a week. Bill has software that tracks his inventory, finances, and so on.
What data (not information) might you expect to find?
[Ch.1]
Bill pays his employees 11 holidays.
Information
[Ch.1]
- Knowledge derived from data
- Meaningfully presented data
- Data is processed by summing, ordering, averaging, or other similar operations.
- difference makes a difference
IS (Information System)
[Ch.1]
hardware, software, data.. etc.. used for purpose of producing information
Information Technology (IT)
[Ch.1]
Products, methods, inventions, standards used for purpose of producing information
Tech Skills Gap
[Ch.1]
Mismatch between high level of tech skills demanded by employees and low level of tech skills held by employees
Good Data is..
[Ch.1]
- Accurate
- Timely
- Relevant
- to context/subject - Just barely sufficient - ex. too much data -> need to ignore
- Worth it’s cost
What are Porter’s Four Competitive Strategies?
[Ch.2 (in wrong spot trying to fix)]
Cost leadership (broad focus), Differentiation (broad focus), Cost focus (narrow), Differentiation focus (narrow).
Collaboration (4 Reich Components)
[Ch.1]
Act of two or more people to create IDEAS/PLANS to achieve a COMMON GOAL
What is a Value Chain?
[Ch.2]
A network of value-creating activities transforming inputs into outputs.
Low-code-system
[Ch.2]
Quickly building applications in a visual way that requires less programming
Switching cost
[Ch.2]
Will have to pay a fee to their old job or supplier if they find work/alternatives at a different location.
BPMN Notation - Square
[Ch.2]
activity (i.e., select vendor product)
BPMN Notation - Rectangle with + symbol
[Ch.2]
subprocess (i.e,. setup product offering on website)
BPMN Notation - Parallelogram (leaning rectangle)
[Ch.2]
data repository where data can be read and written.
BPMN Notation - Diamond
[Ch.2]
a decision.
BPMN SYMBOLS
Circle -
Bolded Circle -
Labeled Dash Lines-
Solid Arrow -
[Ch.2]
Circle - Start
Bolded circle - end symbol
Labelled dashed lines - data flow.
Solid arrow - sequence flow
What is VALUE?
[Ch.2]
Amount of money that a customer is willing to pay for a resource, product, or service
Here’s value chain discussion example from DSM ;)
“Fill out this form, and bring it to me over here when you’re done.” is ________
“Bikes are over there. Help yourself.” is _______
“Show me the bike.” “OK, you owe $23.50. Pay up.” is ______
“You wanna bike?” is _______
[Ch.2]
“Fill out this form, and bring it to me over here when you’re done.” is RENT BIKE
“Bikes are over there. Help yourself.” is DETERMINE NEEDS
“Show me the bike.” “OK, you owe $23.50. Pay up.” is RETURN BIKE AND PAY
“You wanna bike?” is GREET CUSTOMER
What are the Primary Activities in the Value Chain?
[Ch.2]
- Inbound logistics,
- outbound logistics,
- operations/manufacturing,
- sales & marketing,
- customer service.
What are the Support Activities in the Value Chain?
[Ch.2]
Facilitate the primary activities and contribute only indirectly to the production, sale, and service of the product. –> Procurement, technology, HR, infrastructure.
What is Business Process?
[Ch.2]
Activities that transform inputs into outputs, adding value.
A competitor that replicates a business (ex. same hot dog stand as yours) is an example of a weak or strong example of threat of NEW ENTRANTS
[Ch.2]
STRONG! Because it is an easy business to replicate
A well-established business’s threat of new entrants is weak or strong? Ex. NBA number of teams
[Ch.2]
Weak! Hard to establish
(these kinds of questions can be answered with weak, medium or strong)
Startups
[Ch.2]
New businesses that require little capital and experience to begin operations (i.e., open corner latte stand)
Linkage
[Ch.2]
Interaction across value activities.
linkages (not to be confused with “linkage”)
[Ch.2]
Used by manufacturing systems to reduce inventory cost
How does Porter define a margin?
[Ch.2]
The difference between the value that an activity generates and the cost of the activity
a Unicorn is a
[Ch.2]
a tech company that reaches a $1 billion valuation in a short period of time. (REMEMBER $1 BILLION!!!)
Robotic process automation (aka RPA)
[Ch.2]
uses software robots to automate routine business processes.
Intelligent automation
[Ch.2]
combination using RPA to automate buissness/AI processes to improve decision making
Knowledge Workers
– Professionals who analyze, interpret, and apply data-driven insights to make informed decisions in an organization.
Business Intelligence (BI) Systems
[Ch.3]
Systems that process operational and other data to identify PATTERNS (not just identify), relationships, and trends for use by business professionals and other knowledge workers.
Business intelligence
(BI) - by itself
[Ch.3]
The process of using operational and other data to CREATE (instead of identify) information that exposes patterns, relationships, and trends of importance to the organization.
What are the three primary activities in the BI process?
[Ch.3]
Data Sources, Acquire Data, Perform Analysis, Publish Results.
What is a Data Warehouse?
[Ch.3]
A facility for managing an organization’s BI data, obtaining, cleansing, organizing, and cataloging data.
What are the main differences between Data Warehouses and Data Marts?
[Ch.3]
The main difference is cost; Data Marts are smaller.
What are the types of BI Analysis?
[Ch.3]
Reporting, Data Mining, Big Data.
First-mover advantage
[Ch.2]
being first to develop new tech in market -> gaining market share
What is Reporting Analysis?
[Ch.3]
Creating information about past performance by processing structured data.
What is Data Mining?
[Ch.3]
Application of statistical techniques to find patterns and relationships among data for classification and prediction.
What is Big Data?
[Ch.3]
Data is characterized by (3 V’s) volume, velocity, variety
Data Swamp
[Ch.3]
Large amounts of data, that may never be used
Data Lake
[Ch.3]
Storage (large) repositories that hold vast amounts of raw data in its native format until it is needed.
Data Mart
[Ch.3]
Smaller, (not used as much for big org) more focused data collections that address the needs of a particular department or functional area of the business.
What is the definition of a CPU?
[Ch.4]
Central Processing Unit - the brain of the computer.
What is the difference between volatile and non-volatile memory?
[Ch.4]
Volatile memory loses contents when power is lost; non-volatile storage retains contents even with lost power.
What is Augmented Reality (AR)?
[Ch.4]
The altering of reality by overlaying digital information on real-world objects.
What is Mixed Reality (MR)?
[Ch.4]
The combination of the real physical world with interactive virtual images or objects.
What is Virtual Reality (VR)?
[Ch.4]
A completely computer-generated virtual world with interactive digital objects.
What is Financial Technology (FinTech)?
[Ch.4]
Designed to provide automated financial services, including cryptocurrencies and digital wallets.
What is the definition of a Byte?
[Ch.4]
Number of bits (8 bits per 1 byte) to represent one character.
What is the size of a Kilobyte?
[Ch.4]
1,024 bytes.
What is the size of a Megabyte?
[Ch.4]
1,024 KB or 1,048,576 bytes.
What is the size of a Gigabyte?
[Ch.4]
1,024 MB or 1,073,741,824 bytes.
What is the size of a Terabyte?
[Ch.4]
1,024 GB or 1,099,511,627,776 bytes.
What is the size of a Petabyte?
[Ch.4]
1,024 TB or 1,125,899,906,842,624 bytes.
What is the size of an Exabyte?
[Ch.4]
1,024 PB or 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 bytes.
What is the size of a Zettabyte?
[Ch.4]
1,024 EB or 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424 bytes.
Which of the following occurs when a server hosts many versions of desktop operating systems?
[Ch.4]
DESKTOP virtualization
HORIZONTAL-market application software?
[Ch.4]
(off-the-shelf not customized) Provides capabilities common across all organizations and industries
Firmware
[Ch.4]
Computer software that is installed on devices such as printers, print servers, and various types of communication devices (on Read Only Memory (ROM))
- Software for hardware to make the hardware work
VERTICAL-market application software?
[Ch.4]
“Off-the-shelf” specialized/customized (not just off-the-shelf like Horizontal) software designed to meet the specific needs of a particular industry or market segment.
True or false?
Is 2D printing a disruptive force that has the power to change business?
[Ch.4]
FALSE
Limited Scope of Impact, already established.. etc..
What is Andriod?
[Ch.4]
Google’s licensed OS for mobile devices
What are Clients in tech?
[Ch.4]
Devices or applications (like tablets and smartphones) that request services or resources from a server.
PC virtualization
[Ch.4]
Virtualization using a Personal Computer E.g.
Amanda uses only Linux at work, but her desktop (PC) at home hosts both Windows and Linux.
Her pc can virtualize both operating systems through her PERSONAL computer, hence PC virtualization
Server
[Ch.4]
Computer or software system that provides data, services, or programs to OTHER COMPUTERS, called clients
(generalized definition: stationed computer system providing info to other computers)
Open source code
[Ch.4]
Software that is typically free and modifiable, and its source code is publicly available
GNU
[Ch.4]
Set of tools used to create a free Unix-like operating system.
BENEFITS of cryptocurrencies?
[Ch.4]
Protected from Inflation
Difficult for governments to monitor
Typically have little to no fees
FinTech innovations include
[Ch.4]
digital wallets &
peer-to-peer lending & cryptocurrency & online-only banks & financial robo-advisors
Internet of Things (IoT)
[Ch.4]
Idea that objects are BECOMING CONNECTED to the INTERNET so that they can INTERACT with other DEVICES, applications, or services
Operating System (OS)
[Ch.4]
Software that supports a computer’s basic functions
(A program that controls the computer’s resources)
Bits
(remember a byte is 8 of this, as a bit is the lowest value)
[Ch.4]
used for computer data because they are easy to represent physically. A bit is either a zero or a one.
Thin-client application
[Ch.4]
Application that runs on a server instead of on a client device
e.g. Google Docs runs on your browser and is not an installed app
(web applications would be the answer to the Dynamic study module)
[Ch.4] Open-source applications and their type:
A Big Data Processing System: ______
A mobile-device operating system: _______
A Web server: ______
A NoSQL DBMS: _______
A browser: _______
A DBMS: ________
A Big Data processing system - Hadoop
A mobile-device operating system -Andriod
A Web server - Apache
A NoSQL DBMS - Cassandra
A browser - Firefox
A DBMS - MySQL
DBMS
[Ch.4]
DBMS - is a Database Management System, to create, manage, and manipulate databases
NoSQL
[Ch.4]
NoSQL - is a type of database that stores data in a non-tabular format
one-of-a-kind application
[Ch.4]
Developed for a specific, unique need and custom-developed
What is the first primary activity in the BI process?
[ch.3 additions onward]
Acquiring Data: Involves obtaining data from various sources, cleaning, organizing, and cataloging it.
What is the second primary activity in the BI process?
Processing Data: Includes sorting, filtering, and aggregating data to transform it into meaningful information.
What is the third primary activity in the BI process?
Publishing Data: Sharing the processed data with relevant stakeholders through reports, dashboards, and other visualization tools.
What is dirty data?
Data with errors or irrelevant values, such as incorrect gender, age, phone numbers, or email addresses, which can hinder business intelligence (BI) analysis.
What is missing data?
Purchased data often lacks certain elements, which can bias BI analysis if critical data points are missing.
What is inconsistent data?
Data collected over time may have inconsistencies, such as changes in area codes or part codes, requiring recoding for consistency.
What is nonintegrated data?
BI analysis may need data from various sources (internal systems, ecommerce, social networks), which must be integrated by data warehouse personnel.
What is wrong granularity?
Data may be too fine or too coarse. Fine granularity can be aggregated, but coarse granularity cannot be disaggregated.
What does too much data refer to?
Excessive attributes or data points can complicate analysis. The curse of dimensionality makes it easier to create models that fit sample data but are poor predictors. Statistical sampling can help manage large datasets.
What is structured data?
Structured data is organized in rows and columns, typically found in relational databases or spreadsheets.
What are exception reports?
Exception reports are generated when data falls outside predefined parameters.
What are dynamic reports?
Dynamic reports are increasingly common with the use of mobile systems, as opposed to static printed reports.
What is Machine to machine (M2M)?
M2M refers to direct communication between devices using a communication channel.
What is Edge Computing?
Edge Computing places computing at the smart device, closer to the source of data.
This reduces the volume of data transmitted, processed, and stored in the cloud.
What are the goals of GE’s Industrial Internet?
The goals are to increase efficiencies, reduce waste, and improve decision making.
It has the greatest potential for smart devices in hospitals, power grids, manufacturing plants, and transportation.
What issues do smart buildings identify?
Smart buildings identify problems like wasteful lighting, competing heating and cooling systems, and rogue fans.
Supervised Data Mining
Creating a model before analysis
Data warehouse DBMS
Business intelligence applications and tools acquire data
Static Report
data that is relevant to a specific point in time -> BI context, most static reports are published as PDF documents.
MapReduce
Processes large amounts of data in parallel across a cluster of computers
BI servers major functions
management and delivery
Cluster Analysis
find groups of similar customers from customer order and demographic data.
Data Acquisition
In business intelligence systems, the process of obtaining, cleaning, organizing, relating, and cataloging source data.
Dynamic Report
a way to generate reports that automatically update when data changes. (opposed to static)
first step in the development of a data warehouse
Extract data
Decision-making BI / Decision support systems
older term that refers to which business intelligence task
Final step in data warehouse
Cataloging the data
push publishing process
(auto) forced given results
pull publishing process.
need to request
publish publishing process.
delivering to knowledge workers
Data Discovery
User-friendly for users to view data in an easy way
Regression Analysis
Type of supervised data mining that estimates values of parametres in linear equations
Subscription
User makes scheduled or responsive requests for data
upskill
teaching employees new skills to match new org needs
Native application
app runs on computer not web only
What is a database?
An organized connection of data; a collection of integrated records.
What is the purpose of databases?
To organize and keep track of multiple themes, such as grades or emails.
What is the general rule for data storage?
Single theme - store in a spreadsheet; Multiple themes - store in a database.
Why is it important to learn about databases?
Databases are ubiquitous in commerce and help turn data into useful information.
Hierarchy of Data Elements
Table or File (student number
student name HW1..), Records or Rows, Fields or Columns, and bytes or characters
What are the components of a database?
Hierarchy of data elements and relationships among rows. So. Tables or files+ Relationship Among Rows in Tables + Metadata.
What is a Database Management System (DBMS)?
A system that creates, processes, and administers databases.
What are the functions of a DBMS?
- Creating the Database and its structures
- Processing the database
- Administering the database.
What are some licensed DBMS vendors?
IBM, Microsoft, Oracle, and others.
What is an example of an open-source DBMS?
MySQL: License-free for most applications.
What are the DBMS process operations?
- Read
- Insert
- Modify
- Delete data.
What is Structured Query Language (SQL)?
An international standard language for creating and processing databases.
Provide an example of an SQL command.
INSERT INTO Student ([Student Number], [Student Name], H W1, H W2, MidTerm) VALUES (1000, ‘Franklin, Benjamin’, 90, 95, 100);
What are the four elements of a database application?
Purposes, Forms, Reports, Queries, Application programs.
What are the purposes of forms in a database application?
To view data, insert new, update existing, and delete existing data.
What do reports do in a database application?
Provide a structured presentation of data using sorting, grouping, filtering, and other operations.
What are queries used for in a database application?
To search using values provided by the user.
What do application programs provide in a database application?
Security, data consistency, and special purpose processing.
What are nontraditional DBMS products designed for?
To store new data differently with ACID properties.
What does ACID stand for in database transactions?
Atomic, Consistent, Isolated, Durable.
Other Nontraditional DBMS Product Traits
- CONSISTENT, ISOLATED, DURABLE
-Transactions processed in same manner; data in valid state (consistent). - Whether processed alone or in presence of millions of other transactions (isolated).
- Once a transaction is stored it never goes away–even in the presence of failure (durable)
New Internet Applications (i.e. Twitter) relationship with Nontraditonal DBMS Products
They don’t need ACID
What is NoSQL?
Nonrelational DBMS that support high transaction rates without ACID transaction support.
What is Dynamo?
Amazon-developed nonrelational data store.
What is Bigtable?
Google-developed nonrelational data store.
What is Cassandra?
Facebook-developed nonrelational data store using concepts from both Dynamo and Bigtable.
What is a Top-Level Project (TLP)?
Open-source Cassandra by Apache.
What are New SQL DBMS?
DBMS that process high levels of transactions but provide ACID support.
What are in-memory DBMS using SQL extensions?
SAP HANA, Tableau.
What is the current trend in data management?
CIOs looking to merge storage and analysis of cloud-based data.
What was Laredo Petroleum’s old approach to data management?
Used numerous spreadsheets and manual calculations.
What is the benefit of the new approach used by Laredo Petroleum?
Uses cloud storage and cloud analytics to enhance data analysis.
