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Biological Anthropology > Ch 1-4, 14 & 17 > Flashcards

Ch 1-4, 14 & 17 Flashcards

1
Q

Human Culture

A

Cultural

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2
Q

Humans as a biological species

A

Biological

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3
Q

Study of past populations through material remains

A

Archaeology

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4
Q

Human Language

A

Linguistics

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5
Q

-Integrated, interdisciplinary
-Evolutionary framework and underlying theme

A

Approaches to biological anthropology

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6
Q

Paleoanthropology: What traits are bipedalism?
When did bipedalism emerge?

A

Biological

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6
Q

Paleoanthropology: What’s the evidence for tool use and culture?

A

Behavioral

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7
Q

Paleoanthropology: How does brain size differ among human species?

A

Comparative

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8
Q

Human Biology: How do humans respond physiologically to extreme conditions?

A

Biological

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9
Q

Human Biology: How do cultural values and social behaviors affect growth, development?

A

Behavioral

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10
Q

Human Biology: How does skin color vary across populations differing in latitude?

A

Comparative

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11
Q

Genetics: (Molecular anthropology)- How do environment & genes interact to influence form?

A

biological

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12
Q

Genetics: (Molecular anthropology)- what behaviors have genetic bases?

A

behavioral

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13
Q

Genetics: (Molecular anthropology)- Can human populations be distinguished genetically?

A

comparative

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14
Q

How did this person die?
Can we reconstruct a person’s lifestyle from bone?
Can we distinguish broad human populations from bone?

Anthropology+ forensic science+ law

A

Forensic Anthropology

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15
Q

From what population did these remains originate?
How did these people live?
-Diet
-health
-growth development
What is the history of the population?
Migration?

A

Biological Archaeology

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16
Q

-Why biological anthropology is anthropology
-Personal fundamental Questions:
-Where do we come from?
-How did we get here?

A

Human Origins

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17
Q

Judge William Overton (1982)
-It is guided by natural law
-It has to be explanatory by reference to natural law
-It is testable against empirical world
-Its conclusions are tentative i.e, not necessarily the final word
- It is FALSIFIABLE

A

McLean v. Arkansas

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18
Q

-Broad explanation of a phenomenon
-framework or lens through which we interpret facts or observations
-useful for generating and testing hypotheses or predictions
-constantly tested against accumulating observations
-can be changed or abandoned

A

Theory

19
Q

-Searches for universal “laws” in nature
-Given A,B, and C,D, always happens
-seeks testable explanations for observed phenomena

A

Anthropology as a science

20
Q

No Change = No evolution

A

Fixity of species

21
Q

No time for evolution to take place

A

Young Earth

22
Q

-Late 1400s to peak in late 1700s
-Birth of: Modern philosophies, arts, sciences
-Separation of science and religion

A

The Renaissance

23
Q

-Polish Mathematician and astronomer
-First intellectual upheaval in Western world
-Heliocentric theory
– Undermines Anthropocentric universe
(1473-1543)

A

Nicolaus copernicus

24
Q

-English physicist/ mathematician
-“Principia” (1687) introduces modern era of physics
-Theory of Universal Gravitation
-Mechanistic universe
–A move towards natural laws
(1643-1727)

A

Isaac Newton

25
Q

natural laws can explain and even predict the center of the universe

A

Mechanistic

26
Q

-Scottish geologist, naturalist
-“Theory of the Earth” (1795)
-Earth transformed by slow processes
– Erosion
–Deposition
–Uplift
-Establishes deep time because slow processes require time.
(1726-1797)

A

James Hutton

27
Q

-Scottish Geologist who wrote “Principles pf Geology” (1830-33)
-promoted deep tome alongside Hutton
-Undermines supernatural catastrophes as. explanation
-Uniformitarianism

A

Charles Lyell

28
Q

-Slow geological processes produce continuous changes to earth’s surface
-No need for supernatural catastrophes

A

Uniformitarianism

29
Q

Young Earth model –> Deep Time
Static Earth history –> Dynamic earth History
Catastrophism –> Uniformitarianism

A

Changed view of Earth

30
Q

-Swedish botanist
“Systema Naturae” (1735)
-Formalized classification system
–Binomial Nomenclature
—- e.g. Canis familiaris (Genus species)
– Humans included (multiple origins)
-(1707-1778)

A

Carolus Linnaeus

31
Q

-French comparative anatomist & catastrophist
-Fixity of Species
-Function is more important than form for taxonomy
–Similarities between species could only come from similar function
-(1769-1832)

A

Georges Cuvier

32
Q

-French anatomist
-“Philosophie Anatomique” (1818)
–Organisms can be modifications of a single type
Idea that became Homology
(1772-1844)

A

ÉTIENNE GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE

33
Q

-Structures in different organisms can be modifications of a type
- Parts change in shape/size but remain connected in the same pattern

A

Homology

34
Q

-French naturalist
-“Histoire Naturelle” (1749)
-Questioned Fixity of Species
-Recognized Environment- Species interaction
-Climate change as agent of species alteration
-but no mechanism proposed
(1707-1788)

A

GEORGES-LOUIS LECLERC,
COMTE DE BUFFON

35
Q

-French naturalist
-Followed Buffon and others in thinking that life is not fixed
-Offered first mechanism for evolution
-“Philosophie Zoologique” (1809)
– Theory: ‘Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics’
(1744-1829

A

JEAN-BAPTISTE LAMARCK

36
Q

-Activity can change anatomy
-Change is inherited
-Unit of change and selection= INDIVIDUAL
-No “struggle” for existence
-Directional Evolution

A

Acquired Characteristics

37
Q

Organisms were driven by nature to become more complex

A

Directional Evolution

38
Q

-English intellectual
-Med school dropout, Divinity degree form Cambridge
-Also studied botany, geology
-Familiar with work of Lamarck, Cuvier, and Lyell
-Prior to trip on the HMS Beagle, accepted Fixity of Species
(1809-1882)

A

Charles Darwin

39
Q

-English economist
-“An Essay on the Principle of Population” (1798)
-Competition: ‘struggle for existence’
(1766-1834)

A

Thomas Malthus

40
Q

-Scottish naturalist
-Also integrated Malthus, let him to conceive of natural selection independently of Darwin
-Wrote to Darwin
-Read to the Linnean Society of London

A

Alfred Russel Wallace

41
Q

Essential ingredients for:____________

  1. Variation
  2. Mortality (differential reproductive success)
  3. hereditary
A

Natural Selection

42
Q

LAMARCK OR DARWIN/WALLACE?
-Use/Disuse
-Vital fluids and forces
-Inheritance of acquired traits
-Individual evolves
-No extinction
-Increasing Complexity

A

Lamarck

43
Q

LAMARCK OR DARWIN/WALLACE?
-Variation
-Differential survival
-inheritance of trait already present
-Population Evolves
-Extinction
-Not Directional

A

Darwin/Wallace

44
Q

-Mechanism of evolution
-non-random process leading to evolution
-acts on the individual while evolution acts on the population
-a mechanism that can explain emergence of new species.
-Fixed species vs. Biological continuity

A

Natural Selection

Biological Anthropology (1 decks)

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