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Med soc > Ch 1-4 > Flashcards

Ch 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

Medical sociology is _____ as a subfield of ______.

A

Increasing; Sociology

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2
Q

Medical Sociology

A

The study of health care as it is institutionalized in a society, and of health, or illness, and its relationship to social factors.

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3
Q

American Sociological Association: Medical Sociology

A

Includes social, cultural and biological context…medicine as a social institution. Clearly, the focus of ______ is broader than just “medicine”…health (in a positive sense), social, psychological, and emotional wellness, healing (personal and institutional responses).

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4
Q

Sociologists study…

A

Health, healing, and illness because they are a central part of the human experience…[and] must go beyond biological and individualistic factors by examining the important influence of social context.

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5
Q

1915 Alfred Gotjahn

A

Worked on social scientific framework to address social problems and upheaval of the Industrial Revolution in Positivist ways (with government & community).

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6
Q

Social Medicine

A

Efforts to improve Public Health

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7
Q

1950s/‘60s Medical Sociology…

A

Became institutionalized as a sub-discipline of Sociology

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8
Q

Examples of how/why Med Soc became institutionalized

A
  • impact of preventative medicine & public health
  • impact of modern Psychiatry
  • Impact of Administrative Medicine
  • changing patterns of Morbidity / Mortality
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9
Q

morbidity

A

(Incidence of disease)/(rate of sickness)

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10
Q

Mortality

A

Death / population

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11
Q

3 Major Aspects of Sociology that contribute to health/healing/illness

A

1) The Sociological Perspective / the Sociological Imagination
2) Sociological Theorizing to explain why things happen as they do
3) The Scientific Foundation of Sociology

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12
Q

Sociology “of” Medicine

A

Research in med soc that is designed primarily to answer practical questions of interest to health care professionals and sponsoring agents

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13
Q

Sociology “in” medicine

A

Research in med soc that is designed primarily to test social hypotheses.

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14
Q

Functionalism

A

Society as a cohesive, cooperative, consensus of smoothly-operating independent parts with positive & negative consequences
FOCUS: integration of Societal Parts

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15
Q

Conflict theory

A

Views society as a competitive system dominated by social inequality and social conflict resulting from competing interests; constant change is normal.
FOCUS: identifying inequalities, critically commenting on problems and inequalities in health care and how systems function.

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16
Q

Interactionalism

A

“Symbolic _______”, a micro-view of day-to-day interactions among people. Society viewed as outcome of the sum of infinite episodes of interaction, and how people interpret them.

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17
Q

Theory

A

General explanation about why things happen as they do

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18
Q

Hypothesis

A

Statements predicting what will be found in research

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19
Q

Research/observations

A

Various methods: survey ____, experimental _____, observational _____, existing statistics, etc.

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20
Q

Social construction of reality

A

Often more subjective than objective; changed in beliefs about Medicine are not always clear-cut

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21
Q

Role of Med Soc/Sociologists

A

1) Demonstrate/emphasize the IMPORTANT influence of cultural, socio-structural, and institutional forces on health, healing, and illness
2) maintain free & critical inquiry (free from money and interests)
3) continue interdisciplinary collaboration

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22
Q

Sociological Approach to Medical History

A

1) A “Sociology of Medical Knowledge”
2) Evolution of primary activities of physicians
3) evolution of the organization of Medical practice
4) increased development of Hospitals and their changing role in society
5) evolution of Public Health Measures

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23
Q

Supernatural explanation of disease

A

“Mágico-religious” view, as in being caused by direct interventions of a god or spirit; when foreign object is introduced into the body and cured when that foreign body is forced out

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24
Q

Trephination

A

Using sharpened stones to drill a hole into the skull

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25
Shamans
First physicians tied to religion
26
Code of Hammurabi
Codified set of responsibilities of physicians and other medical texts emanated from here
27
GREECE
Major contributors to Medicine
28
Aesklipius (son of Apollo)
God of medicine; temples all over Greece
29
Temple Sleep
At Aesklipius’ témples; wherein patients would purify / detox before given medicines to sleep - at which time ‘sacred’ snakes would crawl over patients, licking wounds; then salves would be applied. “100% healing” claimed.
30
Psychosomatics
ALL is IMPORTANT: Mind-Body-Soul...has carried over into modern Medicine
31
Hippocrates
4th-5th century from the island of Kos; "Father of Medicine." Sought NATURAL rather than SUPERNATURAL explanations of disease. Emphasized MEDICAL ETHICS
32
Humoral Theory of Disease
4 natural elements (fire, water, air, earth) + 4 properties (hot, cold, dry, wet).
33
Blood
Hot
34
Phlegm
Cold
35
Yellow bile
Dry
36
Black bile
Wet
37
  A  Pan Metron Ariston
Body-mind-soul; "All good in moderation"
38
Hippocrates definition of healthy
When a person is in balance with their environment
39
Hippocrates Oath
Emphasized human compassion and ethical standards 1) Reciprocal Commitments made by physicians and their apprentices, establishing teaching as primary obligation 2) Ethical Guidelines: no influenced by money, abortion, assisted suicide, mischief/corruption, seductions for sex. Yes: benefit the sick, privacy.
40
Galen (Roman)
Contributed to Anatomical Research; many theories found to be false bc he couldn't dissect humans
41
Roman Public Health
Sanitation; water; sewage; baths; street cleaning --> by big spending and big government
42
Medieval Era
Era of major inequalities in wealth & power (conservative) + return of extreme, fundamentalist religiosity and despair
43
Medieval Medicine
1) rejection of scientific medicine 2) return to religious explanation
44
Results of Medieval Medicine
- series of devastating epidemics - increased strong beliefs in astrology - establishment of Medical Edu. In universities
45
19th century
Capitalism increase (industrialization, urbanization, polluted & diseased cities) had negative effects (environmental degradation + poor health) --> increased need for hospitals
46
Louis Pasteur
"Father of Modern Medicine" bc he created the Germ theory (the basis of modern medicine).
47
Early American history
- few existing doctors, most of which were not formally trained in the 1700s/1800s MDs paid poorly bc Americans preferred family medicine, too many doctors for small patient populations/"free market elixirs" and no one had money to pay
48
American Medical Association (AMA)
Established legitimacy/authority (even though Americans didn't want 1 type of medicine) through a united front & 1) emphasized Gerry Theory 2) Pushed for Licensure of docs 3) Pushed to improve Med Edu in America
49
The Great Trade of 1910
US gov gets best/efficient health care system; AMA gets control over licensure of physicians
50
Paul Starr POV
Emphasized that, while the advancement of Science & Social authority are important, cultural authority is the crucial component of the AMA's power/history
51
Cultural Authority
People believing in the legitimacy of something (Medicine in Starr's case)
52
Vincent's Navarro
The key is the "union" AMA and its medical authority; found that the rise of medical authority occurred bc powerful social groups arranged it for their personal benefit
53
Social epidemiology
Understanding the causes and distribution of disease; paying attention to social and cultural factors in studying the origins and distribution of disease within populations and why health and illness differs among population subgroups
54
Citied and Transportation caused...
Increased disease and epidemics
55
Germ theory & medical advances caused...
Disease and epidemics to shift from acute to chronic illnesses
56
Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI)
Weighted average of: 1) Life expectancy 2) infant mortality 3) literacy
57
US Life Expectancy & Mortality
Lags behind many countries, but has improved
58
Race and Class of US African-Americans causes
Higher probabilities of illness, disability and death
59
Gender (morbidity/mortality)
Men: higher prevelance of fatal conditions + higher mortality rates Women: higher morbidity rated for most acute (infection + respiratory diseases) & chronic illness
60
Crude death rate
Overall rate of death in a population in a given period of time: (# of deaths per year)/(100,000 pop).
61
Neonatal mortality rate
Infant deaths within first 28 days of life
62
Incidence
# of new cases of a disease added to a population within a given time period
63
Prevalence
Number of cases of a disease present in a population at a given time
64
Epidemiologists
Detectives looking for patterns/linkages in contract, spread, etc. Of diseases using medical records from all sources, health exams, health surveys, and experimentation
65
World Health Organization (WHO)
Top global health surveillance group
66
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Top health surveillance group in the US
67
Epidemiological Transition
Omran 3 stages: 1) age of pestilence & famine 2) age of receding pandemics 3) age of degenerative and human-made diseases
68
IMPORTANT Evolution of Epidemiological trends
Acute infectious diseases to chronic, degenerative diseases
69
Antibiotic resistence
Overperscription + abuse of antibiotics causes them to loose their effectiveness
70
Sudden Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
Example of how viruses in one part of the world can easily spread and how important Public Health spending is
71
1900 US Major Causes of Death
1) Flu/pneumonia 2) TB 3) gastroenteritis 4) heart disease 5) cerebral hemorrhage
72
2011 US Major Causes of Death
1) heart disease 2) cancer 3) lung disease 4) stroke 5) accidents (+ very high suicides)
73
US group with best life expectancy
Upper-/middle- class white women
74
Infant mortality rates in US are falling because...
1) better socio-environmental factors 2) medical advances 3) legalized abortion
75
#1 hazard for infant mortality
Low birth weight
76
High IMR for African Americans bc...
Poverty; toxic environments; lack of access to pre-natal care/general health care
77
African-Americans and Whites suffer from same diseases, but A.A.s suffer at a _________ rate
Much higher
78
High teen pregnancy in:
African Americans Whites living in rural areas
79
Etiology
Identifying the causes of disease
80
Nature and Nurture factors
- environmental factors - material factors - genetic factors
81
Human genome project
Large scale project that has successfully mapped >40,000 human genes
82
#1 cause of death in US
Cardiovascular disease
83
Group with higher incidence of heart disease than white ppl
African-americans African american men > white women
84
_____ people die of cardiovascular disease under the age of 65
1 in 6
85
Cardiac death rates have fallen bc
More cardiac rehab centers Medical advances Decreased smoking rates Changes in diet
86
#2 cause of death in US
Cancer
87
Cancer rates have ______ bc diagnostic techniques detect more cancers _____
Decreased; earlier
88
Etiology of Cancer
- <90% of cancers are environmentally-induced - second-hand & first-hand smoke - clear link between diet and cancer - obesity increases risk of cancer
89
#1 cause of premature death in the world
Tobacco
90
Stress
A state of imbalance in a person, elicited by an actual or perceived disparity between environmental demands and the person's capacity to cope with these demands
91
Stressor
Social factors or social forces that contribute to stress
92
Homeostasis
A state in which the body's physiological processes are in balance and are properly coordinated
93
A model of the stress process
Discrete life events/life changes and/or chronic strains --> perception --> coping techniques + social resources --> stress outcomes
94
Life events
Not typically large, but induce stress
95
Chronic strains
Relatively enduring problems, conflicts, and threats that many people face in their daily lives (great variability) - more powerful + may lead to life events
96
Role overload
A chronic strain Most often in work and homemaker roles - interpersonal problems within roles (most important) - inter-role conflict - role captivity - role restructuring
97
Appraisal & Interpretation of real and perceived threats results in:
Coping mechanisms (+/-) - psychological - self-image - behavioral - what you do - cognitive - how you categorize the problem Social support: - emotional - cognitive - material
98
People with ________ and ________ to those networks are better able to avoid illness and to recover from it
Larger social networks; stronger ties
99
Inequalities in Psychological Distress
- lower SES have more "life events" - A.A.s lower SES across the board - women have more "life events" + less power
100
The looking glass self
Cooley To convey the idea that we come to see ourselves as wel believe other people see us (dev. Self-image)
101
Emile Durkheim (old Europe suicide patterns)
- all people are different --> impossible to identify general patterns - religion is the only social factor or key in explaining patterns
102
Most important factor to suicide
The extent and nature to which individuals were/are integrated into a group or society
103
3 types of Suicide (Durkheim)
Anomic, egoistic, altruistic
104
Anomic suicide
Individual experiences conflicting group expectations
105
Egoistic suicide
Individual has minimal ties to social group
106
Altruistic suicide
Individual is totally group-oriented
107
Less severe stress outcomes
- emotional disturbances - abnormal behaviors - psychosomatic illnesses - worsening of genuine organic illnesses
108
Unchecked stress increases...
... psychological morbidity, physical morbidity, and mortality

Med soc (4 decks)

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