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Med soc > Ch 1-4 > Flashcards

Ch 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

Medical sociology is _____ as a subfield of ______.

A

Increasing; Sociology

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2
Q

Medical Sociology

A

The study of health care as it is institutionalized in a society, and of health, or illness, and its relationship to social factors.

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3
Q

American Sociological Association: Medical Sociology

A

Includes social, cultural and biological context…medicine as a social institution. Clearly, the focus of ______ is broader than just “medicine”…health (in a positive sense), social, psychological, and emotional wellness, healing (personal and institutional responses).

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4
Q

Sociologists study…

A

Health, healing, and illness because they are a central part of the human experience…[and] must go beyond biological and individualistic factors by examining the important influence of social context.

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5
Q

1915 Alfred Gotjahn

A

Worked on social scientific framework to address social problems and upheaval of the Industrial Revolution in Positivist ways (with government & community).

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6
Q

Social Medicine

A

Efforts to improve Public Health

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7
Q

1950s/‘60s Medical Sociology…

A

Became institutionalized as a sub-discipline of Sociology

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8
Q

Examples of how/why Med Soc became institutionalized

A
  • impact of preventative medicine & public health
  • impact of modern Psychiatry
  • Impact of Administrative Medicine
  • changing patterns of Morbidity / Mortality
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9
Q

morbidity

A

(Incidence of disease)/(rate of sickness)

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10
Q

Mortality

A

Death / population

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11
Q

3 Major Aspects of Sociology that contribute to health/healing/illness

A

1) The Sociological Perspective / the Sociological Imagination
2) Sociological Theorizing to explain why things happen as they do
3) The Scientific Foundation of Sociology

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12
Q

Sociology “of” Medicine

A

Research in med soc that is designed primarily to answer practical questions of interest to health care professionals and sponsoring agents

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13
Q

Sociology “in” medicine

A

Research in med soc that is designed primarily to test social hypotheses.

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14
Q

Functionalism

A

Society as a cohesive, cooperative, consensus of smoothly-operating independent parts with positive & negative consequences
FOCUS: integration of Societal Parts

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15
Q

Conflict theory

A

Views society as a competitive system dominated by social inequality and social conflict resulting from competing interests; constant change is normal.
FOCUS: identifying inequalities, critically commenting on problems and inequalities in health care and how systems function.

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16
Q

Interactionalism

A

“Symbolic _______”, a micro-view of day-to-day interactions among people. Society viewed as outcome of the sum of infinite episodes of interaction, and how people interpret them.

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17
Q

Theory

A

General explanation about why things happen as they do

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18
Q

Hypothesis

A

Statements predicting what will be found in research

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19
Q

Research/observations

A

Various methods: survey ____, experimental _____, observational _____, existing statistics, etc.

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20
Q

Social construction of reality

A

Often more subjective than objective; changed in beliefs about Medicine are not always clear-cut

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21
Q

Role of Med Soc/Sociologists

A

1) Demonstrate/emphasize the IMPORTANT influence of cultural, socio-structural, and institutional forces on health, healing, and illness
2) maintain free & critical inquiry (free from money and interests)
3) continue interdisciplinary collaboration

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22
Q

Sociological Approach to Medical History

A

1) A “Sociology of Medical Knowledge”
2) Evolution of primary activities of physicians
3) evolution of the organization of Medical practice
4) increased development of Hospitals and their changing role in society
5) evolution of Public Health Measures

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23
Q

Supernatural explanation of disease

A

“Mágico-religious” view, as in being caused by direct interventions of a god or spirit; when foreign object is introduced into the body and cured when that foreign body is forced out

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24
Q

Trephination

A

Using sharpened stones to drill a hole into the skull

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25
Q

Shamans

A

First physicians tied to religion

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26
Q

Code of Hammurabi

A

Codified set of responsibilities of physicians and other medical texts emanated from here

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27
Q

GREECE

A

Major contributors to Medicine

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28
Q

Aesklipius (son of Apollo)

A

God of medicine; temples all over Greece

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29
Q

Temple Sleep

A

At Aesklipius’ témples; wherein patients would purify / detox before given medicines to sleep - at which time ‘sacred’ snakes would crawl over patients, licking wounds; then salves would be applied. “100% healing” claimed.

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30
Q

Psychosomatics

A

ALL is IMPORTANT: Mind-Body-Soul…has carried over into modern Medicine

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31
Q

Hippocrates

A

4th-5th century from the island of Kos; “Father of Medicine.” Sought NATURAL rather than SUPERNATURAL explanations of disease. Emphasized MEDICAL ETHICS

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32
Q

Humoral Theory of Disease

A

4 natural elements (fire, water, air, earth) + 4 properties (hot, cold, dry, wet).

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33
Q

Blood

A

Hot

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34
Q

Phlegm

A

Cold

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35
Q

Yellow bile

A

Dry

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36
Q

Black bile

A

Wet

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37
Q

  A  Pan Metron Ariston

A

Body-mind-soul; “All good in moderation”

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38
Q

Hippocrates definition of healthy

A

When a person is in balance with their environment

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39
Q

Hippocrates Oath

A

Emphasized human compassion and ethical standards
1) Reciprocal Commitments made by physicians and their apprentices, establishing teaching as primary obligation
2) Ethical Guidelines: no influenced by money, abortion, assisted suicide, mischief/corruption, seductions for sex. Yes: benefit the sick, privacy.

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40
Q

Galen (Roman)

A

Contributed to Anatomical Research; many theories found to be false bc he couldn’t dissect humans

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41
Q

Roman Public Health

A

Sanitation; water; sewage; baths; street cleaning –> by big spending and big government

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42
Q

Medieval Era

A

Era of major inequalities in wealth & power (conservative) + return of extreme, fundamentalist religiosity and despair

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43
Q

Medieval Medicine

A

1) rejection of scientific medicine
2) return to religious explanation

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44
Q

Results of Medieval Medicine

A
  • series of devastating epidemics
  • increased strong beliefs in astrology
  • establishment of Medical Edu. In universities
45
Q

19th century

A

Capitalism increase (industrialization, urbanization, polluted & diseased cities) had negative effects (environmental degradation + poor health) –> increased need for hospitals

46
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

“Father of Modern Medicine” bc he created the Germ theory (the basis of modern medicine).

47
Q

Early American history

A
  • few existing doctors, most of which were not formally trained in the 1700s/1800s
    MDs paid poorly bc Americans preferred family medicine, too many doctors for small patient populations/”free market elixirs” and no one had money to pay
48
Q

American Medical Association (AMA)

A

Established legitimacy/authority (even though Americans didn’t want 1 type of medicine) through a united front &
1) emphasized Gerry Theory
2) Pushed for Licensure of docs
3) Pushed to improve Med Edu in America

49
Q

The Great Trade of 1910

A

US gov gets best/efficient health care system; AMA gets control over licensure of physicians

50
Q

Paul Starr POV

A

Emphasized that, while the advancement of Science & Social authority are important, cultural authority is the crucial component of the AMA’s power/history

51
Q

Cultural Authority

A

People believing in the legitimacy of something (Medicine in Starr’s case)

52
Q

Vincent’s Navarro

A

The key is the “union” AMA and its medical authority; found that the rise of medical authority occurred bc powerful social groups arranged it for their personal benefit

53
Q

Social epidemiology

A

Understanding the causes and distribution of disease; paying attention to social and cultural factors in studying the origins and distribution of disease within populations and why health and illness differs among population subgroups

54
Q

Citied and Transportation caused…

A

Increased disease and epidemics

55
Q

Germ theory & medical advances caused…

A

Disease and epidemics to shift from acute to chronic illnesses

56
Q

Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI)

A

Weighted average of:
1) Life expectancy
2) infant mortality
3) literacy

57
Q

US Life Expectancy & Mortality

A

Lags behind many countries, but has improved

58
Q

Race and Class of US African-Americans causes

A

Higher probabilities of illness, disability and death

59
Q

Gender (morbidity/mortality)

A

Men: higher prevelance of fatal conditions + higher mortality rates
Women: higher morbidity rated for most acute (infection + respiratory diseases) & chronic illness

60
Q

Crude death rate

A

Overall rate of death in a population in a given period of time: (# of deaths per year)/(100,000 pop).

61
Q

Neonatal mortality rate

A

Infant deaths within first 28 days of life

62
Q

Incidence

A

of new cases of a disease added to a population within a given time period

63
Q

Prevalence

A

Number of cases of a disease present in a population at a given time

64
Q

Epidemiologists

A

Detectives looking for patterns/linkages in contract, spread, etc. Of diseases using medical records from all sources, health exams, health surveys, and experimentation

65
Q

World Health Organization (WHO)

A

Top global health surveillance group

66
Q

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

A

Top health surveillance group in the US

67
Q

Epidemiological Transition

A

Omran
3 stages:
1) age of pestilence & famine
2) age of receding pandemics
3) age of degenerative and human-made diseases

68
Q

IMPORTANT Evolution of Epidemiological trends

A

Acute infectious diseases to chronic, degenerative diseases

69
Q

Antibiotic resistence

A

Overperscription + abuse of antibiotics causes them to loose their effectiveness

70
Q

Sudden Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

A

Example of how viruses in one part of the world can easily spread and how important Public Health spending is

71
Q

1900 US Major Causes of Death

A

1) Flu/pneumonia
2) TB
3) gastroenteritis
4) heart disease
5) cerebral hemorrhage

72
Q

2011 US Major Causes of Death

A

1) heart disease
2) cancer
3) lung disease
4) stroke
5) accidents (+ very high suicides)

73
Q

US group with best life expectancy

A

Upper-/middle- class white women

74
Q

Infant mortality rates in US are falling because…

A

1) better socio-environmental factors
2) medical advances
3) legalized abortion

75
Q

1 hazard for infant mortality

A

Low birth weight

76
Q

High IMR for African Americans bc…

A

Poverty; toxic environments; lack of access to pre-natal care/general health care

77
Q

African-Americans and Whites suffer from same diseases, but A.A.s suffer at a _________ rate

A

Much higher

78
Q

High teen pregnancy in:

A

African Americans
Whites living in rural areas

79
Q

Etiology

A

Identifying the causes of disease

80
Q

Nature and Nurture factors

A
  • environmental factors
  • material factors
  • genetic factors
81
Q

Human genome project

A

Large scale project that has successfully mapped >40,000 human genes

82
Q

1 cause of death in US

A

Cardiovascular disease

83
Q

Group with higher incidence of heart disease than white ppl

A

African-americans

African american men > white women

84
Q

_____ people die of cardiovascular disease under the age of 65

A

1 in 6

85
Q

Cardiac death rates have fallen bc

A

More cardiac rehab centers
Medical advances
Decreased smoking rates
Changes in diet

86
Q

2 cause of death in US

A

Cancer

87
Q

Cancer rates have ______ bc diagnostic techniques detect more cancers _____

A

Decreased; earlier

88
Q

Etiology of Cancer

A
  • <90% of cancers are environmentally-induced
  • second-hand & first-hand smoke
  • clear link between diet and cancer
  • obesity increases risk of cancer
89
Q

1 cause of premature death in the world

A

Tobacco

90
Q

Stress

A

A state of imbalance in a person, elicited by an actual or perceived disparity between environmental demands and the person’s capacity to cope with these demands

91
Q

Stressor

A

Social factors or social forces that contribute to stress

92
Q

Homeostasis

A

A state in which the body’s physiological processes are in balance and are properly coordinated

93
Q

A model of the stress process

A

Discrete life events/life changes and/or chronic strains –> perception –> coping techniques + social resources –> stress outcomes

94
Q

Life events

A

Not typically large, but induce stress

95
Q

Chronic strains

A

Relatively enduring problems, conflicts, and threats that many people face in their daily lives (great variability)
- more powerful + may lead to life events

96
Q

Role overload

A

A chronic strain
Most often in work and homemaker roles
- interpersonal problems within roles (most important)
- inter-role conflict
- role captivity
- role restructuring

97
Q

Appraisal & Interpretation of real and perceived threats results in:

A

Coping mechanisms (+/-)
- psychological - self-image
- behavioral - what you do
- cognitive - how you categorize the problem
Social support:
- emotional
- cognitive
- material

98
Q

People with ________ and ________ to those networks are better able to avoid illness and to recover from it

A

Larger social networks; stronger ties

99
Q

Inequalities in Psychological Distress

A
  • lower SES have more “life events”
  • A.A.s lower SES across the board
  • women have more “life events” + less power
100
Q

The looking glass self

A

Cooley
To convey the idea that we come to see ourselves as wel believe other people see us (dev. Self-image)

101
Q

Emile Durkheim (old Europe suicide patterns)

A
  • all people are different –> impossible to identify general patterns
  • religion is the only social factor or key in explaining patterns
102
Q

Most important factor to suicide

A

The extent and nature to which individuals were/are integrated into a group or society

103
Q

3 types of Suicide (Durkheim)

A

Anomic, egoistic, altruistic

104
Q

Anomic suicide

A

Individual experiences conflicting group expectations

105
Q

Egoistic suicide

A

Individual has minimal ties to social group

106
Q

Altruistic suicide

A

Individual is totally group-oriented

107
Q

Less severe stress outcomes

A
  • emotional disturbances
  • abnormal behaviors
  • psychosomatic illnesses
  • worsening of genuine organic illnesses
108
Q

Unchecked stress increases…

A

… psychological morbidity, physical morbidity, and mortality

Med soc (4 decks)

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