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BIOL 2401 > CH 1-3 > Flashcards

CH 1-3 Flashcards

A&P TEST 1

1
Q

the study of internal and external structures of the body

the physical relationships among body parts

A

anatomy

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2
Q

the study of function

how living organisms perform their vital functions

A

physiology

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3
Q 
Organism level
Organ System level
Organ level
Tissue level
Cellular level
Chemical level
A

hierarchical order in physiology

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4
Q

presence of a stable internal environment

A

homeostasis

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5
Q

sensitive to a particular environment change or stimulus

A

receptor or sensor

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6
Q

receives and processes the information supplied by the receptor

sends out commands

A

control or integration center

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7
Q

responds to these commands by opposing the stimulus

A

effector

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8
Q

occurs when receptor stimulation triggers a response that changes the environment at the receptor

A

feedback

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9
Q

an initial stimulus producing a response that exaggerates or enhances the change in the original conditions rather than opposing it

A

positive feedback

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10
Q

tends to minimize change keeping variation in key body systems within limits compatible with our long term survival

A

negative feedback

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11
Q

protons and neutrons

A

components of an atom

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12
Q

has a positive electrical charge

A

protons

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13
Q

electrically neutral

A

neutrons

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14
Q

has a negative electrical charge

A

electrons

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15
Q

an average of atomic masses and proportions of its different isotopes

A

atomic weight

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16
Q

number of protons in an atom

A

atomic number

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17
Q

total number of both protons and neutrons

A

mass number

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18
Q

atom has a net positive charge

A

cation

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19
Q

atom has a net negative charge

A

anion

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20
Q

a chemical structure consisting of atoms of 1 or more elements held together by covalent bonds

A

molecule

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21
Q

a chemical substance made up of atoms of 2 or more different elements in a fixed proportion

regardless of the type of bond joining them

A

compounds

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22
Q

interactions that stabilize the outer energy levels of atoms

hold the participating atoms together when the reaction has ended

A

chemical bonds

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23
Q

chemical bonds created by the electrical attraction between cations and anions

involves the transfer of 1 or more electrons from one atom to another to achieve stability

A

ionic bonds

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24
Q

sharing electrons with other atoms

A

covalent bonds

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25
Q

weak attractive force that can change the shapes of molecules or pull adjacent molecules together

A

hydrogen bonds

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26
Q

energy of motion that can be transferred to another object and do work

A

kinetic energy

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27
Q

stored energy that has capability to do work

A

potential energy

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28
Q

opposite of decomposition

assembles smaller molecules into large molecules

A

synthesis reaction

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29
Q

breaks a molecule into smaller fragments

AB > A+B

A

decomposition reaction

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30
Q

one of the bonds in a complex molecule is broken and the components of a water molecule is added to the resulting fragments

A-B + H2O > A-H +OH-B

A

hydrolysis reaction

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31
Q

condensation reaction

forms a complex molecule by removing a water molecule

A

dehydration synthesis

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32
Q

enzymes

compounds that speed up chemical reactions without themselves being permanently changed or consumed

A

catalysts

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33
Q

reactions that release energy

A

exergonic reaction

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34
Q

more energy is required to being the reaction than released as it proceeds

A

endergonic reaction

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35
Q

always contain the elements C H and O

made up of long chains of carbon atoms linked by covalent bonds

A

organic compound

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36
Q

do not contain C and H as their primary structural ingredients

A

inorganic compound

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37
Q

promote chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required

A

enzymes

38
Q

single sugar

carbohydrate containing 3 to 7 carbon atoms

glucose

A

monosaccharides

39
Q

2 monosaccharides joined together

table sugar

A

disaccharides

40
Q

large molecules of several mono or disaccharides joined together

starches

A

polysaccharides

41
Q

each C atom in the tail has 4 single covalent bonds

A

saturated fatty acid

42
Q

1 or more of the single covalent bonds between C atoms has been replaced by a double covalent bond

A

unsaturated fatty acid

43
Q

large organic molecules composed of C H O N and P

primary role is to store and transfer information essential to cellular protein synthesis

consists of 1 or 2 long chains of subunits formed by dehydration synthesis

A

nucleic acids

44
Q

individual subunits of a nucleic acid

A

nucleotides

45
Q 
deoxyribonucleic acid
deoxyribose
AGCT
double helix
stores genetic information that controls protein synthesis
A

DNA

46
Q 
ribonucleic acid
ribose
AGCU
single stranded
performs protein synthesis as directed by DNA
A

RNA

47
Q

adenine

guanine

A

purine

48
Q

cytosine
thymine
uracil

A

pyrimidines

49
Q

cells are the building blocks of all plants and animals

all new cells come from the division of former cells

cells are the smallest structural units that carry out all vital physiological functions

A

cell theory

50
Q

extremely thin and very delicate

a physical barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the extracellular fluid

A

composition of plasma membrane

51
Q

part of the membrane structure and cannot be removed without damaging or destroying the membrane

A

integral membrane proteins

52
Q

bound to the inner or outer surface of the membrane and are easily separated from it

A

peripheral membrane proteins

53
Q

DNA triplets determine the sequence of mRNA codons

mRNA codons determine the sequence of tRNAs

sequence of tRNAs determines the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide or protein

A

mechanism of protein synthesis

54
Q

ribosome in the cytoplasm

A

location of protein synthesis

55
Q

renews or modifies the plasma membrane

modifies and packages secretions such as hormones or enzymes for release outside the cell through exocytosis

packages special enzymes within vesicles for use in the cytosol

A

functions of golgi apparatus

56
Q

enzymes proteins DNA and nucleotides

A

contents of nucleus in the cell

57
Q

produces 2 daughter cells each containing a complete set of 46 chromosomes

A

mitosis

58
Q

produces sex cells containing only 23 chromosomes

A

meiosis

59
Q

the division of the cytoplasm physically separating the 2 daughter cells

A

cytokinesis

60
Q

the most abundant organic components of the human body

are the most important components

A

protein structure

61
Q

proteins consisting of long chains of organic molecules

A

amino acids

62
Q

RNA production from a DNA template

copy or rewrite

all 3 types of RNA are formed through DNA transcription

A

transcription

63
Q

protein synthesis takes place through this

the formation of a linear chain of amino acids

using the information from an mRNA strand

A

translation

64
Q

requires ATP

ATP provides the energy needed to move ions or molecules

A

active transport

65
Q

does not require ATP

A

passive transport

66
Q

causes osmotic flow into cell

A

hypotonic solution

67
Q

causes osmotic flow out of cell

A

hypertonic solution

68
Q

solution that does not cause osmotic flow across membrane

A

isotonic solution

69
Q

illness that disrupts normal rates of cell division

permanent DNA sequence mutations

A

cancer

70
Q

released chemicals stimulate blood vessel growth to tumor area

A

angiogensis

71
Q

anything that has mass and occupies space

A

matter

72
Q

amount of material in matter

A

mass

73
Q

smallest stable units of matter

A

atoms

74
Q

protons
neutrons
electrons

A

subatomic particles

75
Q

Isotopes of the same element have the same what but different what?

A

same protons

different neutrons

76
Q

by weight what element is the most plentiful in the human body?

A

oxygen

77
Q

the mass of an atom is largely determined by the number of what it has?

A

protons and neutrons

78
Q

an example of a positive feedback mechanism would be what?

A

enhancement of labor contractions

79
Q

nervous

what system responds fastest to environmental stimuli?

A

nervous

80
Q 
place in the correct sequence to simplest to most complex
molecules
atoms
tissues
cells
organs
A 
atoms
molecules
cells
tissues
organs
81
Q

the cells that line the small intestine have microvilli which does what?

A

enhances the ability of the cells to absorb nutrients because of their increased surface area

82
Q

what would best serve as an example of negative feedback control?

A

the hormone testosterone promotes the growth of facial hair

83
Q

what is a function of a plasma membrane protein?

A

molecular transport through the membrane

84
Q

Diffusion of a substance is influenced by what?

A

concentration gradient
charge of the ion
lipid solubility
presence of membrane channels

85
Q

a solution that contains a lower osmotic pressure than the cytoplasm of a cell is what?

A

hypotonic

86
Q

non polar organic molecules are good examples of what?

A

hydrophobic compounds

87
Q

when 2 monosaccharides undergo a dehydration synthesis what happens?

A

a disaccharide is formed

88
Q

the process of protein formation directed by mRNA is called what?

A

translation

89
Q

chromosomes consist of what?

A

DNA and proteins

90
Q

the most important metabolic fuel in the body

A

glucose

BIOL 2401 (1 decks)

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