CH 1-3 Flashcards
A&P TEST 1
the study of internal and external structures of the body
the physical relationships among body parts
anatomy
the study of function
how living organisms perform their vital functions
physiology
Organism level Organ System level Organ level Tissue level Cellular level Chemical level
hierarchical order in physiology
presence of a stable internal environment
homeostasis
sensitive to a particular environment change or stimulus
receptor or sensor
receives and processes the information supplied by the receptor
sends out commands
control or integration center
responds to these commands by opposing the stimulus
effector
occurs when receptor stimulation triggers a response that changes the environment at the receptor
feedback
an initial stimulus producing a response that exaggerates or enhances the change in the original conditions rather than opposing it
positive feedback
tends to minimize change keeping variation in key body systems within limits compatible with our long term survival
negative feedback
protons and neutrons
components of an atom
has a positive electrical charge
protons
electrically neutral
neutrons
has a negative electrical charge
electrons
an average of atomic masses and proportions of its different isotopes
atomic weight
number of protons in an atom
atomic number
total number of both protons and neutrons
mass number
atom has a net positive charge
cation
atom has a net negative charge
anion
a chemical structure consisting of atoms of 1 or more elements held together by covalent bonds
molecule
a chemical substance made up of atoms of 2 or more different elements in a fixed proportion
regardless of the type of bond joining them
compounds
interactions that stabilize the outer energy levels of atoms
hold the participating atoms together when the reaction has ended
chemical bonds
chemical bonds created by the electrical attraction between cations and anions
involves the transfer of 1 or more electrons from one atom to another to achieve stability
ionic bonds
sharing electrons with other atoms
covalent bonds
weak attractive force that can change the shapes of molecules or pull adjacent molecules together
hydrogen bonds
energy of motion that can be transferred to another object and do work
kinetic energy
stored energy that has capability to do work
potential energy
opposite of decomposition
assembles smaller molecules into large molecules
synthesis reaction
breaks a molecule into smaller fragments
AB > A+B
decomposition reaction
one of the bonds in a complex molecule is broken and the components of a water molecule is added to the resulting fragments
A-B + H2O > A-H +OH-B
hydrolysis reaction
condensation reaction
forms a complex molecule by removing a water molecule
dehydration synthesis
enzymes
compounds that speed up chemical reactions without themselves being permanently changed or consumed
catalysts
reactions that release energy
exergonic reaction
more energy is required to being the reaction than released as it proceeds
endergonic reaction
always contain the elements C H and O
made up of long chains of carbon atoms linked by covalent bonds
organic compound
do not contain C and H as their primary structural ingredients
inorganic compound
promote chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required
enzymes
single sugar
carbohydrate containing 3 to 7 carbon atoms
glucose
monosaccharides
2 monosaccharides joined together
table sugar
disaccharides
large molecules of several mono or disaccharides joined together
starches
polysaccharides
each C atom in the tail has 4 single covalent bonds
saturated fatty acid
1 or more of the single covalent bonds between C atoms has been replaced by a double covalent bond
unsaturated fatty acid
large organic molecules composed of C H O N and P
primary role is to store and transfer information essential to cellular protein synthesis
consists of 1 or 2 long chains of subunits formed by dehydration synthesis
nucleic acids
individual subunits of a nucleic acid
nucleotides
deoxyribonucleic acid deoxyribose AGCT double helix stores genetic information that controls protein synthesis
DNA
ribonucleic acid ribose AGCU single stranded performs protein synthesis as directed by DNA
RNA
adenine
guanine
purine
cytosine
thymine
uracil
pyrimidines
cells are the building blocks of all plants and animals
all new cells come from the division of former cells
cells are the smallest structural units that carry out all vital physiological functions
cell theory
extremely thin and very delicate
a physical barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the extracellular fluid
composition of plasma membrane
part of the membrane structure and cannot be removed without damaging or destroying the membrane
integral membrane proteins
bound to the inner or outer surface of the membrane and are easily separated from it
peripheral membrane proteins
DNA triplets determine the sequence of mRNA codons
mRNA codons determine the sequence of tRNAs
sequence of tRNAs determines the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide or protein
mechanism of protein synthesis
ribosome in the cytoplasm
location of protein synthesis
renews or modifies the plasma membrane
modifies and packages secretions such as hormones or enzymes for release outside the cell through exocytosis
packages special enzymes within vesicles for use in the cytosol
functions of golgi apparatus
enzymes proteins DNA and nucleotides
contents of nucleus in the cell
produces 2 daughter cells each containing a complete set of 46 chromosomes
mitosis
produces sex cells containing only 23 chromosomes
meiosis
the division of the cytoplasm physically separating the 2 daughter cells
cytokinesis
the most abundant organic components of the human body
are the most important components
protein structure
proteins consisting of long chains of organic molecules
amino acids
RNA production from a DNA template
copy or rewrite
all 3 types of RNA are formed through DNA transcription
transcription
protein synthesis takes place through this
the formation of a linear chain of amino acids
using the information from an mRNA strand
translation
requires ATP
ATP provides the energy needed to move ions or molecules
active transport
does not require ATP
passive transport
causes osmotic flow into cell
hypotonic solution
causes osmotic flow out of cell
hypertonic solution
solution that does not cause osmotic flow across membrane
isotonic solution
illness that disrupts normal rates of cell division
permanent DNA sequence mutations
cancer
released chemicals stimulate blood vessel growth to tumor area
angiogensis
anything that has mass and occupies space
matter
amount of material in matter
mass
smallest stable units of matter
atoms
protons
neutrons
electrons
subatomic particles
Isotopes of the same element have the same what but different what?
same protons
different neutrons
by weight what element is the most plentiful in the human body?
oxygen
the mass of an atom is largely determined by the number of what it has?
protons and neutrons
an example of a positive feedback mechanism would be what?
enhancement of labor contractions
nervous
what system responds fastest to environmental stimuli?
nervous
place in the correct sequence to simplest to most complex molecules atoms tissues cells organs
atoms molecules cells tissues organs
the cells that line the small intestine have microvilli which does what?
enhances the ability of the cells to absorb nutrients because of their increased surface area
what would best serve as an example of negative feedback control?
the hormone testosterone promotes the growth of facial hair
what is a function of a plasma membrane protein?
molecular transport through the membrane
Diffusion of a substance is influenced by what?
concentration gradient
charge of the ion
lipid solubility
presence of membrane channels
a solution that contains a lower osmotic pressure than the cytoplasm of a cell is what?
hypotonic
non polar organic molecules are good examples of what?
hydrophobic compounds
when 2 monosaccharides undergo a dehydration synthesis what happens?
a disaccharide is formed
the process of protein formation directed by mRNA is called what?
translation
chromosomes consist of what?
DNA and proteins
the most important metabolic fuel in the body
glucose
